Brazil Race Relations

Brazil Race Relation Brazil is one of the most visited place in the world and also one of the most diverse countries in the world. More than 75millon people of African decent live in Brazil, this makes it the second largest black population in the world. Its attracts a large number of people because of it architecture, slums and rainforest. Brazil is contradictory because its was the last country to abolish slavery but also the first to claim that it was a racial democracy. Most people might not know that Brazil has its racial problems and that it has been going on for a long time.Brazilian race relations and conceptions of race are somewhat different from the United States. In Brazil most African descendents are people live in slums called the favelas. The favelas are small over-crowded communities, which are built on hills. One of the largest is in a city called Rio de Janeiro and it’s full of hundreds of poor urban people. Some Brazilians would argue that there aren’ t any racial inequalities in Brazil, which is actually false. Many brown and blacks who live in the favelas do not have the same opportunity as the white Brazilians who live in a more suitable environment.The â€Å"2010 census showed that 51% of Brazilians identify themselves as black or brown. † (The economist 2). The income of white Brazilians is more than the black and brown people in Brazil. African descendents have disadvantages in education level, medical treatment , and other important things. They are also at the bottom of the social pyramid, because of racial inequalities. They live in the poorest and most dangerous communities and there aren’t really any securities in the favelas. The social status and economic advantages were based on how light a person's skin was and if they have European ancestry.The United States and Brazil are different because in the U. S race is weighted in a very different way but in Brazil race is described as if one were describing the color of the rainbows. The United States is home to a lot of immigrants and has a middle class where if people were poor they could climb up the pyramid. People also argue that unlike in the U. S slavery , Brazil never segregated anyone. Although there was no segregation there is a huge difference in the gap between blacks and white in Brazil. In Brazil dark skinned Brazilian who made the same amount of income as the white Brazilian tends to live in concentrated poverty areas.During the slave trade, slaves were shipped to Brazil 10 times more than to the United States. Brazil had a cheaper slave trade and was more convenient. Slaves in Brazil were treated more brutally than the slaves brought to the U. S. Slaves in the U. S were fed more, had better places to sleep and had better clothes. The Brazilian society is still unequal for example, after slavery was abolish the white Brazilian wanted to eliminate the blacks by getting number of immigrants from Europe to come to Brazil. T hey wanted the white Immigrants to over populate the blacks and breed with them, so African decent would be eliminated.Brazil socially diminished blackness and encouraged the black Brazilians to detach themselves from their African ancestry. This kind of act never took place in the U. S rather blacks and whites were just segregated. Unlike the U. S where racism was open Brazil pretended as if though there was no racism. The United States has a Black president and some of the Blacks that lives there are millionaires different from Brazil where it’s not like that. Racism in Brazil is veiled and that is why most people think that there was no inequality or racism.In reality Brazil is one of the most racist and unequal countries in the world. Blacks in Brazil are not allowed to talk about race because it is believed in Brazil that racism doesn’t exist and that there is no inequality. Although Brazilians think that there is no racial inequality in Brazil there actually is. People who live in the slums of Brazil claim there is inequality. In some ways Brazil and the United States are similar, but some Brazilians might argue that racism in Brazil is very different from the United States. In both Brazil and the U.S the whites have more advantages than the blacks. They are ensured to get a job and a decent job too. For example, if black people apply for a job in U. S or in Brazil they are most likely not to get the job because of their race or skin color. Another example is that most African descendents in Brazil and the United states live in the poorest communities and are separated from the whites. Take for example Chicago; it is has some of the most segregated communities in Chicago. In these communities there are a lot of blacks living there , just like in Brazil with the favelas.The neighborhoods in some of the United States are just like some Neighborhoods in Brazil and it is very poor and there is violence in the communities. Also Brazil and Americ a are also alike when it comes to the way blacks are viewed and how they are looked down upon. In Brazil and United blacks were seen as ugly people and it was said that the black women were too muscular. In the wealthiest part of both the U. S and Brazil it is mostly whites that live there. for example in hotels, restaurants, television and magazine it only features white Brazilian.Moreover there are a lot of similarity between Brazil and American but both countries are denying having thing in common which they do. Black women in Brazil and the United States both of problems with their skin color, shortness and texture of their hair, which is why they do something about their hair for example, in brazil the women do not like the way their hair looks so they go to the salon to have it straighten or curled just like the women on the television. In both United States and Brazil the education system for the blacks are different from the whites.Also both of the countries have thought abo ut using affirmative action to help racial diversity. For example affirmative action in Brazil is to help get African decent in Brazil into universities. It is said that brazil only hope of achieving racial democracy is by affirmative action so that they can get the a little bit of privilege as the whites in brazil, just like in the United States. Blacks in Brazil and in the United States are treated unfairly and they have a lot of disadvantage over the whites. Just like the blacks in American help to build the U. S for 100 years so did the blacks in Brazil and they are the ones under the pyramid.It may seem like Brazil has no racism inequality in really does but because it is been veiled and pretend to be has it there is none. Most people wouldn’t know that Brazil has a lot of racial problems going on because of how it been covered. Regardless of it not been a segregated country or having klu Klux Klan it still is a very racist country where the majority of the people living there are living in poverty. Brazil is undergoing changes at this time hopefully it is able to clear up it racial problem, but it doesn’t look like it will be solved anytime soon.

Common Law Versus Civil Law Systems Essay

The two principal legal systems in the world today are those of civil law and common law. Continental Europe, Latin America, most of Africa and many Central European and Asian nations are part of the civil law system; the United States, along with England and other countries once part of the British Empire, belong to the common law system. The civil law system has its roots in ancient Roman law, updated in the 6th century A.D. by the Emperor Justinian and adapted in later times by French and German jurists. The common law system began developing in England almost a millennium ago. By the time England’s Parliament was established, its royal judges had already begun basing their decisions on law â€Å"common† to the realm. A body of decisions was accumulating. Able lawyers assisted the process. On the European continent, Justinian’s resurrected law-books and the legal system of the Catholic Church played critical roles in harmonizing a thousand local laws. England, in the midst of constructing a flexible legal system of its own, was less influenced by these sources. It never embraced the sentiment of the French Revolution that the power of judges should be curbed, that they should be strictly limited to applying the law such as the legislature might declare. Thus, British colonists in America were steeped in this tradition. Indeed, among the grievances enumerated in the American Declaration of Independence were that the English king had deprived the colonists of the rights of Englishmen, that he had made colonial judges â€Å"dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices† and that he had denied the people â€Å"the benefits of Trial by Jury.† After the American Revolution, English common law was enthusiastically embraced by the newly independent American states. In the more than 200 years since that time, the common law in America has seen many changes — economic, political and social — and has become a system distinctive both in its techniques and its style of adjudication. It is often said that the com mon law system consists of unwritten â€Å"judge-made† law while the civil law system is composed of written codes. For the most part, law in the United States today is â€Å"made† by the legislative branch. To some extent, however, the judge-made law analogy is true. Judicial independence is a hallmark of the American legal system. As a co-equal branch of government, the judiciary — to a remarkable degree — operates free of control by the executive and legislative branches, deciding cases impartially, uninfluenced by popular opinion. The American people respect their courts and judges, even if they sometimes criticize them. In this contrast of common v. civil law, U.S. District Court Judge Peter Messitte (Maryland), considers some basic aspects of both systems and explains how the American common law system compares with that of civil law.Historically, much law in the American common law system has been created by judicial decisions, especially in such important areas as the law of property, contracts and torts — what in civil law countries would be known as â€Å"private delicts.† Civil law countries, in contrast, have adopted comprehensive civil codes covering such topics as persons, things, obligations and inheritan ce, as well as penal codes, codes of procedure and codes covering such matters as commercial law. But it would be incorrect to say that common law is unwritten law. The judicial decisions that have interpreted the law have, in fact, been written and have always been accessible. From the earliest times — Magna Carta is a good example — there has been â€Å"legislation,† what in civil law systems would be called â€Å"enacted law.† In the United States, this includes constitutions (both federal and state) as well as enactments by Congress and state legislatures. In addition, at both the federal and state levels, much law has in fact been codified. At the federal level, for example, there is an internal revenue code. State legislatures have adopted uniform codes in such areas as penal and commercial law. There are also uniform rules of civil and criminal procedure which, although typically adopted by the highest courts of the federal and state systems, are ultimately ratified by the legislatures. Still, it must be noted that many statutes and rules simply codify the results reached by common or â€Å"case† law. Judicial decisions interpreting constitutions and legislative enactments also become sources of the law themselves, so in the end the basic perception that the American system is one of judge-made law remains valid. At the same time, not all law in civil law countries is codified in the sense that it is organized into a comprehensive organic, whole statement of the law on a given subject. Sometimes individual statutes are enacted to deal with specific issues without being codified. These simply exist alongside the more comprehensive civil or penal codes of the system. And while decisions of the higher courts   in a civil law jurisdiction may not have the binding force of law in succeeding cases (as they do in a common law system), the fact is that in many civil law countries lower courts tend to follow the decisions of higher courts in the system because of their persuasive argumentation. Nevertheless, a judge in the civil law system is not legally bound by the previous decision of a higher court in an identical or similar case and is quite free to ignore the decision altogether. The Concept of Precedent In the United States, judicial decisions do have the force of law and must be respected by the public, by lawyers and of course, by the courts themselves. This is what is signified by the â€Å"concept of precedent,† as expressed in the Latin phrase stare decisis — â€Å"let it [the decision] stand.† The decisions of a higher court in the same jurisdiction as a lower court must be respected in the same or similar cases decided by the lower court. This tradition, inherited by the United States from England, is based on several policy considerations. These include predictability of results, the desire to treat equally everyone who faces the same or similar legal problems, the advantages to be gained when an issue is decided that affects all subsequent cases and respect for the accumulated wisdom of lawyers and judges in the past. But it is also understood that primary responsibility for making law belongs to the legislative authority; judges are expected to interpr et the law, at most filling in gaps when constitutions or statutes are ambiguous or silent. Thus, there are important limiting features to the concept of precedent. First and foremost, a court decision will only bind a lower court if the court rendering the decision is higher in the same line of authority. For example, a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court on a matter of constitutional or ordinary federal law will bind all U.S. courts everywhere because all courts are lower and in the same line of authority as the Supreme Court in such matters. But decisions of one of the several U.S. Courts of Appeals — the intermediate federal appeals courts — will only bind federal trial courts within their respective regions. Decisions of a state supreme court on the meaning of a state law where that court sits will be binding everywhere, so long as the state court’s decisions do not conflict with constitutional or federal statutory law. American judges tend to be very cautious in their decision-making. As a rule, they only entertain actual cases or controversies brought by litigants whose interests are in some way directly affected. In addition, judges usually decide cases on the narrowest possible grounds, avoiding, for example, constitutional issues when cases may be disposed of on non- constitutional grounds. Then, too, the â€Å"law† that judges state is only so much of their decision as is absolutely necessary to decide the case. Any other pronouncement on the law is unofficial. Another important limiting feature of the concept of precedent is that the later case must be the same or closely related to the previous one. Unless the facts are identical or substantially similar, the later court will be able to distinguish the earlier case and not be bound by it. The highest court of a jurisdiction, e.g., the U.S. Supreme Court for the United States or a state supreme court within its own state, can overrule a precedent even where the facts of the later case are identical or substantially similar to the earlier case. In 1954, for example, in the famous school integration of Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled an analogous decision it had rendered in 1896. But such direct over-ruling is not common. What is more likely is that the high court, by distinguishing later cases over time, will move away from an earlier precedent which has become undesirable. But for the most part, the long standi ng precedents of the high courts remain. An Organized Law Where does one go to find the law in America? It might be supposed that with both enacted law and judicial decisions comprising the law, the search would be difficult. But the task in fact is relatively easy. Even though much American law is not codified, it still has been systematized and organized by subject matter. Legal encyclopedias and treatises written by learned professors and practitioners set out the law in logical sequence, typically providing historical perspectives as well. These books of authority contain references to the principles and specific rules of law in a given branch of law, as well as citations to relevant statutes and judicial decisions. Accessing statutes in â€Å"codebooks† and cases in bound volumes called court reports, and nowadays accessing both by computer, is a relatively straightforward undertaking. But it also bears noting that in the common law system, treatise writers do not have the same importance that they do in the civil law system. In civil law countries, such authorities are sometimesconsidered sources of law, looked to for the development of the doctrine relative to a given subject matter. Their statements are given considerable weight by civil law judges. In the United States, in contrast, doctrine developed by treatise writers lacks binding force, although it may be cited for its persuasive effect. Common Law v. Civil Law Apart from these features, there are a number of institutions associated with the common law system not usually found in civil law systems. Principal among these is the jury which, at the option of the litigants, functions in both civil and criminal cases. The jury is a group of citizens, traditionally 12 in number, summoned at random to determine the facts in a lawsuit. When a trial by jury is held, the judge will instruct the jury on the law, but it remains for the jury to decide the facts. This means that ordinary citizens will decide which party will prevail in a civil case, and whether, in a criminal case, the accused is guilty or innocent of the charge against him or her. The institution of the jury has had an important shaping effect on the common law. Because jurors are brought in on a temporary basis to resolve factual issues, common law trials are usually concentrated events, sometimes only a matter of days (although occasionally possibly weeks or months in duration). Empha sis is on the oral testimony of witnesses, although documents also are presented as evidence. Lawyers have responsibility for preparing the case; the trial judge performs no investigation of the case prior to trial. Lawyers, acting as adversaries, take the lead in questioning the witnesses at trial, while the judge acts essentially as a referee. Testimony is recorded verbatim by a court reporter or electronically. The trial court, which is the â€Å"court of first instance† (i.e., where the case is first heard) in the American system, is where the factual record of the case is made. Generally speaking, appeals courts confine their review of the lower court record to errors of law, not of fact. No new evidence is received on appeal. All this stands in marked contrast to what is usually found in civil law systems, where jury trials are for the most part unknown. In a given case, instead of a single continuous trial, a series of court hearings may be held over an extended period. Documents play a more important role than witness testimony. The judge actively investigates the case and also conducts the questioning of the witnesses. Instead of a verbatim record of the proceedings, the judge’s notes and findings of fact comprise the record. Appeals may be taken both on the facts and the law, and the appeals court can and, sometimes does open the record to receive new evidence. Despite their differences, both the common and civil law systems have as their goal the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of disputes. U.S. courts have become particularly sensitive in recent years for the need to continuously reappraise their processes in order to improve the quality of justice. As a consequence of these efforts, there are many other aspects of court activity in the U.S. These range from alternate dispute resolution mechanisms (including arbitration and mediation) to such procedural devices as default and summary judgment, used by judges to decide cases at an early stage without having to proceed to a formal trial.

Oxygen Isotope Perturbation and Its Effects on Temperature and Essay

Oxygen Isotope Perturbation and Its Effects on Temperature and Salinity in the Bay of Bengal - Essay Example Oxygen isotope ratio is a climatic proxy, an environmental variable, and it assists climatologists, including paleoclimatologists, to determine certain important climatic parameters, both existing and past, from it. (UNST 232a Mentor Section Assignment 5) Another phenomenon the isotopes are involved in is that oxygen accumulates in the calcium carbonate (CaC) of the shells of marine animals called foraminifera -"Forams". The isotope ratio in the shells depends upon on the temperature and existing isotope ratio of the water in which the animals live or lived. Over periods of time these animals die and their shells descend to the bottom of the sea and form layers that present researchers with important data from which past temperature and isotope ratios can be determined. (UNST 232a Mentor Section Assignment 5) The isotope ratio in any singular stretch of water changes over time. Water molecules made up of the lighter isotope evaporate easily leaving water molecules with the heavier one back in the seawater. When the evaporated water precipitates back into the sea there is little change in the ratio but when the water vapour precipitates on land the lighter isotope is transported to land from where it may come back to the sea via rivers and other waterways or it may remain trapped for thousands of years in the form of ice if it is precipitated as snow on places like the polar icecaps and high mountain tops. (UNST 232a Mentor Section Assignment 5) During normal times the isotope ratio in sea and ocean water is fairly constant but during glacial periods when the icecaps advance beyond normal limits the isotope ratio shifts in favour of for obvious reasons. This is in a comparative sense to normal times. (Oceanography 540, 2002) The isotope ratio is expressed as delta (lower case) with the isotope contents expressed in parts per thousand (per mille) as the following equation demonstrates. = - / x 1000 Higher negativity in indicates greater depletion. (UNST 232a Mentor Section Assignment 5) The standard in this case is of 'Standard Mean Ocean Water' or 'SMOW'. (Oceanography 540, 2002) 3. The 'Foram' Fractionation Factor The foraminifera species being investigated in this report is the planktonic

Answer week 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer week 8 - Essay Example Before any business, considers investing in any form of corporate social responsibility, it must remember that the main responsibility is to represent the business stakeholders. So long as an organization behaves responsibly, generating a profit, creating employment, supporting the health of the economy, and increasing wealth are the most responsible things that an organization can do. Remaining focused will ensure that CSR efforts are not taken as manipulative. 2. It is true that the main objective of any business organization is to remain profitable, but to do may require investment in CSR, which may also increase the organization’s operational costs. The actions of an organization, affect the perceptions and behaviors of its clients and community around it (Pava 2008). It also affects it own health and that of the environment around it. An organization needs to consider the implications of its actions on its business and reputation. Before investing in a CSR program, businesses need to determine if it will conflict with the objectives of the organization, and if so such an initiative should be stopped. A healthy organization that meets its objectives is more beneficial to the society than an organization that engages in CSR but is not performing well. The best way that an organization can do good to the community is by performing well. 3. Kramer and Porter have approached the issue of CSR in a realistic manner. Some companies that have invested heavily in CSR have failed to meet their strategic objectives because they initiate such projects without considering the company’s strategy. Some of the most significant material that has been left in the module material is the failure of organizations to view their efforts at CSR from the perspective that they view their core business strategy (Tanget et al 2012). With such a strategy, organizations will realize that CSR is more than an expense or limitation but a source of competitiveness, growth, and

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Report - Assignment Example Your Supplementary Text helps you or go online. You will use these journal articles to write your structured report. So please keep copies of these articles. Cash, H., Rae, C., Steel, A. and Winkler, A., (2012). Internet Addiction: A Brief Summary of Research and Practice, US National Library of Medicine   National Institutes of Health, Curr Psychiatry Rev. Nov; 8(4): 292–298. King, D., Delfabbro, P., Griffiths, M. and Gradisar, M. (2012). Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to OutpatientTreatmentof Internet Addiction inChildrenand Adolescents, Journal of Clinical Psychology: In session, Vol. 68(11), 1185–1195 Extend your search by including five other sources of information relating to your topic below. They can be conference papers, newspaper articles, magazines, etc. Enter them in APA 6th edition style correctly here. Internet addiction should be recognised as a clinical disorder, psychiatrist claims, (n.d.). Mailonline, Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-542768/Internet-addiction-recognised-clinical-disorder-psychiatrist-claims.html TIP: The title of your report must be narrow/focussed. You might want to review this title after you have finished the entire report. The title should give the reader a good idea of what to expect in the report. While Internet obtained an indescribable power of impact toward the way people got connected, such technological advance have also altered the relationship between them, creating basis for the scholars to dive into the potential of Internet addiction and its effect on people’s behavioural changes. Researchers ultimately agree that the new digital era has created its impact on the development of the human mind. Despite such useful features as availability to obtain incredible information and opportunity to be more socially connected, possibilities for self-education, freedom from shyness and huge economic betterment, psychiatrists have noticed that excessive use of Internet can lead to

International Trade Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Trade Law - Essay Example 1.Based on Trans-Oriented Marine Corp v. Star Trading and Marine , Inc 731 F. Supp.619(SDNY;1990) find, read and brief the Trans-Orient case and answer: : In 1983 Trans-Orient was granted a five-year exclusive agency agreement to represent the Sudan in the United States. Two years later, a military coup deposed the then head of state in the Sudan, declaring a state of emergency and suspending the constitution. A twelve-month transitional military regime followed, which was then replaced by a civilian coalition government. At that time, the name of the country was changed from the Sudan to the Republic of Sudan. In 1989, there was another military coup in which the present military regime overthrew the former civilian administration and suspended the constitution. During 1985, the Sudanese government sent letters advising Trans-Orient that a new agent had been appointed to represent the country in the United States. This termination of Trans-Orient did not provide the one-year termination notice required under the original contract. When Trans-Orient filed a breach of contract suit, the present Sudanese government asserted that it was not liable for the contractual obligations of the prior sovereign. Trans-Orient responded that neither the 1985 regime nor the present regime was a successor state, but that they represented mere changes in government which did not relieve them from the prior government's contractual obligations.

Healthcare Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Healthcare Marketing - Research Paper Example The Affordable healthcare Act however does not just look at the issue of affordability, it looks on so many factors. The factors that the Affordable healthcare Act has addressed are so many that they could not have been implemented all at once without causing some disruption in the market. As a result, it is being implemented in steps, with the last bit expected to be implemented in 2022, over twenty years after the first bit was implemented in 2012. One of the biggest problem that have faced the American healthcare in the last few decades was not just the inability by millions of Americans to afford health insurance, but the fact that insurance companies have been seen to not be faithful to their promise after a patient who has been paying them premiums gets sick (Selker & Wasser, 2013). This has been a challenge and many Americans have suffered in the past because they would hope to be covered when they were sick only for the insurance company they had insured themselves through coming up with excuses as to why they cannot be compensated. The affordable care act is very useful in making sure that the insurance firms will have to be accountable in making sure that they cover the patients when they get sick (Zuniga, Marks, & Gostin, 2013). This is going to bring in a new paradigm in the healthcare market. Definitely, the fact that most people were losing hope with insurance firms meant that they were choosing to not buy health i nsurance. This meant that even those who could afford healthcare insurance were becoming suspicious and refusing to buy it, thus increasing the number of people who have not been covered. The other issue that the affordable healthcare act seeks to solve is the issue of insurance companies refusing to pay out when an applicant makes an honest mistake on their application. This is one issue that has stained the American healthcare insurance and needs to be addressed. The affordable

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 95

Essay Example Nor is there anyone equal to Him† (Surah Ikhlas cited in â€Å"112- Surah Al Ikhlas†). This Surah overtly explains the superiority of Allah in all ways. It is revealed that nobody gave birth to Allah nor has Allah any son of daughter, which clearly refutes the claim that the Christ is God’s son, and this is what lays the basis of difference in the Christian and the Muslim perspective of God Almighty. It has been declared that nobody is equal to Allah in any respect, which essentially obviates the need for any gods or goddesses. This is why Muslims believe in no gods and goddesses but one God who is Allah. â€Å"Accurately knowing Allah is the pillar whereupon Islam in its entirety hinges† (Al-Jibouri). Since Allah is the supreme power, He can handle everything himself and does not require any other god or goddess to help Him in His matters, nor is there any god or goddess because Allah did not make any. However, Allah made angels that carry out His orders and do as He directs them. The concept of God in Islam requires the Muslims to believe in only one God i.e. Allah as the one with the supreme power, believe in His angels, His holy books including the books that he sent before Quran via other prophets, belief in the prophets, and the Day of Judgment. The belief in Allah obliges the Muslims to live the life the way Allah has instructed through Quran as well as the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.). Any Muslim who thinks that there is anybody in addition to Allah who feeds him or gives him all the blessings of life does Shirk. The essence of being a true follower in Islam is acquiring peace by submitting one’s will to Allah. Muslim faith says that man on Earth is Allah’s messenger. Before, Allah sent thousands of prophets to carry his message to the people, but the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) was the last Prophet. After him, it is the responsibility of every believer to spread the light of Islam to the non-believers so that the message

Leadership Interview Essay Example for Free

Leadership Interview Essay Todays professional nurses assume leadership and management responsibilities regardless of the activity in which they are involved (Koernig-Blais, Hayes, Kozier, Erb, 2006, p. 2). D. Martin. is the nurse manager for The Spirit Medical Transportation Services (Spirit) of Saint Josephs Childrens Hospital in Marshfield, Wisconsin. She started her career as an ICU nurse, and from there moved into medical transportation. She worked as a staff flight nurse in three different programs, including Spirit, for 15 years before assuming the assistant nurse manager role for Spirit, and in the past year moved into the position of manager. In an interview with D. Martin she discussed achieving of a position of leadership in our nursing community. The interview included questions about her background, and the role she has today. Leadership Style D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) describes a leader as someone who is able to work effectively with other people and facilitate getting the job done. She further discusses the leader needing to have interactive communication skills. These skills she describes as two parts; first is active listening, making eye contact and giving full attention to the person speaking; the second is being able to talk and make a point with sounding condescending. Through her examples, D.Martin has a democratic or participative leadership style. Leaders with a democratic style act as a catalyst or facilitator to guide the group towards achieving group goals (Koernig-Blais et al, 2006). Democratic leadership may be less efficient than other types of leadership, but it does allow for a spirit of collaboration and creativity from group members. This type of leadership can be extremely effective in the healthcare setting (Tappen, 2001, p. 26)Personal Philosophy and Important Qualities of Leadership When questioned about important qualities or characteristics of a leader, D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) again emphasized the importance of interactive communication. D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) stated that an effective leader needs to respect their staff, or whomever they are leading. That a leader needs to learn how to be politically correct in all settings, and the  leader as manager needs to learn how to delegate, and to be aware of the fiscal responsibilities within the institution, and balance those requirements with the needs of the department they are managing. Sullivan and Decker, 2005 p. 44 state that all good managers are also good leaders. D. Martin talked interchangeably of leaders and managers, because she views herself as a leader first, and a manager second. Her views are that as a staff nurse, she was viewed as a leader among the flight crew, and now as a manager, she is still that leader, but with the responsibilities of management (D. Martin personal communication, March 6, 2008). A manager is responsible and accountable to the organization for accomplishing the goals of the organization (Sullivan Decker, 2005). When D. Martin was questioned about her personal philosophy of leadership she replied that you are never going to please everyone all of the time, and that the most important thing to remember is that you have to be able to live with your decisions, legally and ethically (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). According to D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008), quality and safety should be ranked equally at number one in consideration for what can and should be done. She believes that as a manager, she needs to be the mother tiger looking out for her cubs; that she has to protect the staffs interests. D. Martin also believes that an effective manager should have come up through the ranks. A manager should not ask the staff to do something she has not done, or would not do. Another aspect of an effective manager is that the manager should have been a clinical leader first, that they have been there, done that for years. The manager may not always be able to keep up those clinical skills, and be able to perform the clinical aspects of the job, but if they have done it for years, they will understand the concepts when the staff needs someone to talk to (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008)Learning Experiences that have Influenced Growth as a LeaderD. Martin believes that her own clinical experiences and what she has done have had the most influence on her personal development. Her bedside clinical experience in an ICU prepared her for her role as a transport nurse (personal communication, March 6, 2008). She was involved in the start-up of two different transport services, and her third experience was a transport nurse on a well established service. The first transport service she was part of was a load and go team with one of the first mobile ICUs in Wisconsin. Her belief is that being on the ground floor of two services, the personal growth from those experiences as the service went through its growing pains, makes her better prepared for the growing pains of going from peer to boss. She also emphasized that managers should not take things for granted, if they have not been where they are asking their staff to go, she feel strongly that she brings a been there, done that style to her leadership (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Evolution of Nursing Leadership in Healthcare TodayThe interview continued with the question of how she sees leadership evolving in nursing today. Her first response was disappointed. When she first started out in nursing, many registered nurses were from an associates program, and the recommendation for a management position, or to teach was someone with a bachelors degree in nursing. Once she had achieved her bachelors, the bar had been raised with the recommendation that managers have their masters degree, in nursing or in business, and that nursing instructors have their PhD in nursing or education (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her thought is that with the requirement of that much schooling, the people managing departments, and teaching new nurses, are so far removed from the clinical aspects of nursing, that they are not as effective as someone who has recently been a clinical nurse. She feels nursing needs instructors that have been there, and instructors should not be only those with the highest degrees. There needs to be opportunities for nurses to move up through the ranks through independent nursing practice, and recognition needs to be given to the clinical experts at the bedside. The advanced degree should not be more important than clinical expertise in a given field (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Challenges Facing Leaders in Todays Healthcare SystemsD. Martin (personal  communication, March 6, 2008), believes that the most challenging issues in her current position are the need to have a more global perspective, and having an appreciation for it. She described one aspect of that global perspective in terms of the hospital budget. Finding out what the hospital budget is, and that it comes down from the top of the corporation, not just the top of our individual hospital. Patients are important, but from a business standpoint, money is the bottom line (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Healthcare is a business, and needs to be run as a business. She states that the biggest passion she had to give up was that the patient comes first. She had to learn how to facilitate the system, within the budget given, and with the resources available to her. Management cannot give the staff everything they are asking for, the money, and decisions come from the top down. Management would be easy if you didnt have to deal with the people (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). The Impact of a Mentor on Leadership StyleD. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) states that she has had three mentors in her career. Each is unique and she is grateful to them. Her first was her nurse manager of her first flight service. She states that he too came up through the ranks. He taught her the importance of creating a balance between management and work. Her next mentor was her first nurse manager when she started at Saint Josephs, Terri. Terri was her mentor through her masters program, and taught her the importance of being politically correct and fair. That, as a manager, you might not agree with what is being said, but you need to have enough self control to not let them see you do not agree with the company line, or to never let them see you sweat (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her third mentor was her nurse manager for the 11 years she was a flight nurse with Spirit. Through him she learned that different management styles are okay, and that an open door policy was what she respected most about his style. He also taught her the importance of credibility, and to not make promises you may not be able to keep (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Advice to Someone Interested in LeadershipD. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) discussed the difficulty going from peer to boss. Her recommendation would be for anyone in that position to take a class on effective leadership to learn more on how to delegate, find resources and about fiscal responsibility. She did inform me that Saint Josephs Childrens Hospital does offer a two day seminar to employees on this topic, and she further recommends all Neonatal Intensive Care Transport Nurses take this class, as they all function in a leadership role (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her other advice was to be ready to put in long hours. To be passionate about whom you want to lead. Be clinically competent, and have confidence in yourself, and your knowledge. Stand up for yourself and your staff. Learn to take risks, and trust your instincts (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Conclusion Leadership and management are the responsibility of all professional nurses. Effective leadership and management is a learned process. Mentors can have a positive impact on the personal and professional growth of a nurse. Personal integrity, honesty, and a concern for human dignity should guide all leadership and management decisions (Koernig-Blais et. al, 2006). References: Koernig-Blais, K., Hayes, J., Kozier, B., Erb, G. (2006). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Sullivan, E. J., Decker, P. J., (2005). Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall HealthTappen, R. M., (2001). Nursing Leadership and Management: Concepts and Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.

Moral Reconciliation Essay Example for Free

Moral Reconciliation Essay From the beginning of the story to the end, Huckleberry Finn’s morals change rather dramatically and the novel focuses largely on this. Forced to reconcile his personal feelings of friendship for an escaped slave (Jim) with what society has told him is right, Huck learns through the course of the story to trust his moral instincts. As the story progresses, we see Huck’s character develop strong morals that eventually lead to his reconciliation. Early in the book, Huck is shown to have a low level of maturity and is very naà ¯ve. He relies more on the opinions of others more so than his own. Huck seems to know the rightful place of a slave, especially growing up in the American South. But this changes, in time, when he meets a runaway slave named Jim on Jackson Island. Huck knows he is defying society by not turning Jim in, but he continues to stay by Jim’s side and feels he can’t betray him as their friendship grows. This is an internal moral struggle for Huck, because he knows to society he is â€Å"wrong,† but to him their friendship made it â€Å"right.† While floating down the Mississippi, Huck and Jim come across a shipwreck. Huck, being the young, curious boy he is wants to explore it. Jim on the other hand is very reluctant to do so, but he feels obliged to follow Huck along anyways because he is a slave and Huck is white. On the wreck the two find a gang of robbers and a tied up man, they decide to leave immediately at this site. Huck and Jim then steal the robbers boat, but Huck feels a little guilty for doing this. So he makes up a story to a ferryboat watchman that his family was on the wreck and they needed help. The watchman showed up on the site just to discover that it sank, and the robbers most likely dead. Compassion is a key part in developing good morality and at this point Huck’s morality is slowly taking shape because he feels compassion for others. During a terrible storm, Huck and Jim are separated. Jim searches for Huck, but he cannot pinpoint him, so he goes to sleep. Huck eventually arrives on the raft to find Jim sleeping. Once Jim woke up Huck told him that the whole storm fiasco was just an elaborate dream he had, but Jim soon discovers he is lying and becomes upset. Seeing this, Huck felt guilty for hurting Jim’s feelings and apologizes. This is a pivotal point in the novel because Huck realizes that he has feelings for this slave. Once again he knows society would see this as â€Å"wrong† and just plain crazy. Huck is having another internal conflict, but feels that his friendship with Jim is morally â€Å"right† contrary to what society would think. Huck’s moral dilemmas are rooted in conflicting systems of morality: that of his upbringing and that of his own natural feelings of friendship for Jim. â€Å"I was paddling off, all in a sweat to tell on him; but when he says this, it seemed to kind of take the tuck all out of me. I went along slow then, and I warnt right down certain whether I was glad I started or whether I warnt. When I was fifty yards off, Jim says: Dah you goes, de ole true Huck; de ony white genlman dat ever kep his promise to ole Jim. Well, I just felt sick. But I says, I GOT to do it – I cant get OUT of it. Right then along comes a skiff with two men in it with guns, and they stopped and I stopped.† This a good example of Huck’s moral conflictions. At the climax of the novel, Huck as an epiphany. When Jim gets turned in by the conmen (the Duke and the King), Huck is devastated. Confused at what to do, Huck writes a letter that is intended for Ms. Watson, the letter reads: Miss Watson, your runaway nigger Jim is down here two mile below Pikesville, and Mr. Phelps has got him and he will give him up for the reward if you send. Huck Finn. After wrestling with his morals and consciousness, Huck makes his most important moral decision yet, when he states: All right, then, Ill GO to hell – and tore it up. He ultimately helped Jim escape. In the end, Huck acted on the highest level of morality regardless of society’s laws and ideas. Early in the story Huck displayed childish traits and a skewed morality because of how he grew up. But Huck changed entirely in his time spent with Jim. When life was forced upon Huck he had to develop and â€Å"grow up† rather fast. He quickly progressed from a naà ¯ve boy to a mature morally correct young man. Most humans strive for the betterment of themselves and society as a whole, and this is what makes Huck’s final reconciliation so compelling.

Critical Review of Post-Mortem Sperm Retrieval (PMSR)

Critical Review of Post-Mortem Sperm Retrieval (PMSR) Introduction Post-mortem sperm retrieval (PMSR) is a procedure that has given rise numerous legal and ethical concerns, including: consent for procedure, ownership and assignment of sperm as a possession, divergence on the inheritance of the offspring and conflict over the introduction of sperm retrieval in organ donation (Pastuzak, et al., 2013). There is no agreement on the use of PMSR at different levels from institutional to an international level. A report published in 2003 discussed the benefits of implementing guidelines to introduce a framework and therefore simplify concerns with respect to PMSR, which included (Tash, et al., 2003): Consent issues Resource availability Medical contraindications A 1-year time period for careful evaluation of the recipient. Although PMSR is still fairly uncommon, the continuous increase in requests for In-vitro fertilization (IVF) with intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), resulted in an increased rate of PMSR requests (Kerr, et al., 1997). Sperm retrieval techniques With the advent of ICSI and IVF, numerous sperm retrieval techniques have been developed in order to tackle sperm retrieval from various entry points. The most commonly used techniques involve either an epididymal or testicular procedure by open surgery or percutaneous entry (See Table 1): Table 1: Sperm retrieval techniques Key: MESA – Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration; PESA – Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration; COB Conventional open biopsy; TESA – Testicular sperm aspiration. Micro surgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) An incision in the scrotum is performed to uncover the epididymis. Using a microscope the tunica is incised and a ductule is mobilised. An incision of the ductile then follows exposing the fluid within which is aspirated. Microsutures are then applied, when sufficient fluid is aspirated, to the ductule. In the case that no fluid is observed another ductule is mobilised for aspiration. Microsurgery allows for a precise incision resulting in an aspiration free from any contaminating blood. With this technique a large number of motile sperms can be retrieved and preserved for future use. Also, it allows for preservation of the ductule in the case of further aspirations, if needed. Nevertheless, no evidence is present to affirm that using microsurgery will result in better retrieval in the future. In addition, the technique is very laborious and time-consuming, needing a microscope and an experienced microsurgeon (Siber, et al., 1994; Girardi Schlegel, 1996). Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) By using antiseptic the scrotum is thoroughly cleaned and consequently washed using saline to eliminate any excess antiseptic. In some cases, local anaesthetic is utilised (Gorgy, et al., 1998), then the epididymis head is put between the thumb and forefinger, where it is then punctured, from the scrotal skin, with a needle that is connected to a tuberculin syringe filled with 0.1ml of washing medium. The plunger is then retracted that slowly punctures the ductule. The syringe is then rotated and partially withdrawn staying within the epididymis. Then the suction is released slightly and the syringe withdrawn. Examination of the aspirated sperm is then performed after flushing the fluid into a dish. In the case that motile sperm are not found, the procedure is performed again at a different location. As the location is selected blindly, numerous tries are needed in order to secure good quality sperm. In this case, the procedure is quick, easy, does not need open surgery and easily repeatable. Nevertheless, since the punctured location is random, it cannot be controlled and occasionally ductules can be missed. In some cases, the epididymis can be very small and even covered with fat layers, making retrieval challenging. This can be overcome by using OFNA. Also, there is a higher chance of contacting a blood vessel and therefore contaminate the fluid with blood (Shrivastav, et al., 1994). Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) In this case anaesthetic is needed, afterwards a butterfly needle is poked around the testicular fluid while suction is applied from another syringe. The fluid is then examined for sperm quality. Studies also show that color Doppler ultrasonography can be used to guide the syringe and go around blood vessels (Balenky, et al., 2001). It is quite a simple technique that does not need any special training or equipment. However, there is a risk of puncturing the tunica blood vessels since it is done blindly. Puncturing multiple passages into the tissue may lead to damage and ultimately haemorrhage. Also, sample volume tends to be quite scanty (Craft Tsirigotis, 1995). Conventional open biopsy (COB) An incision is made in order to expose a testis, afterwards an incision is also made to the tunica and a small piece of testicular tissue is sampled. Sutures are then made to the tunica and the incision closed. It is a simple method that can be performed by a general surgeon and yields a significant amount of tissue. However, testicular vessels can be damages since it is an open surgery procedure, that would lead to the possibility of impaired testicular function as these are end-arteries (Schlegel Su, 1997; Manning, et al., 1998). Key ethical issues Ethical issues can be assessed through fairness, choice and wellbeing of the stakeholders, in order to arrive to a plausible conclusion. I managed to identify the following as the stakeholders; deceased husband, family members (wife/partner, parents etc.), unborn child, physician and society. Fairness With regards to fairness the debate is driven by two main issues; firstly, the right of the father to an heir even after death. In such cases, it is suggested that the father conveys consent for artificial insemination prior to his death (Strong, et al., 2000; Orr Siegler, 2002). This would make the decision more ethically justifiable. In cases where this is not available, inferred consent could also be accepted. However, although very little data is present with regards to the postmortem wishes of men, it is assumed that a large faction of men would not want their spermatozoa used after their death (Pastuszak, et al., 2013). Nevertheless, strict regulation should always be implied, to eliminate abuse where possible (Strong, et al., 2000). Choice The issues of society with regards to PMSR centre about a fear of a continual acceptance of non-conventional practices especially in conservative societies which may lead society to become biased and aversely disapprove of such practices. However, this difference in viewpoint can be seen in all controversial debates, where society criticizes individuals of backing such practices for their own goals and desires. Therefore the introduction and implementation of legislation is important to provide a framework which may help society better understand the uses of PMSR. In the case that family members want to perform sperm retrieval from the deceased based on verbal consent from previous conversations, would the physician be obliged to carry out this task? Basing the answer on the physician’s autonomy, the physician is not obliged to enter in a patient-doctor relationship, unless the patient has no other means for medically necessary care, which is not the case. This means that the physician will never be obliged to perform such duties even if sperm retrieval might be ethically justifiable in certain scenarios. This occurs especially if the physician conscientiously opposes sperm retrieval making him free to decline performing such tasks (Strong, et al., 2000). Also, another question arises, in that would the physician be morally obliged to decline performing practices which may cause harm to a future generation? The Human Embryology and Fertilisation Authority (HEFA) obliges physicians providing assisted reproductive technologies to assess t he wellbeing of the unborn child before proceeding (Parliament of the United Kingdom., 2008). Deciding to perform such a procedure utilizing the sperm of the woman’s partner can be a complex situation to tackle especially without consent. Wellbeing The main concerns when PMSR is sought are with regards to the deceased and the unborn child. Postmortem sperm retrieval affects the welfare of the deceased as it alters the values and beliefs of the deceased (Bahadur, 2002; Orr Siegler, 2002). Also, the child would be considered the heir of the deceased, which has several permanent social implications, especially on the deceased’s family, including, possession distribution and also the child’s upbringing. This could in turn be in complete disagreement with the deceased values (Bahadur, 2002). Family members could also find interest in maintaining the family’s lineage, which could also be in direct conflict with the deceased’s wishes. With regards to the unborn child there are issues too as children born through PMSR will have no father, which may result in difficulties during their upbringing (Strong, et al., 2000). Nevertheless, the claim that post mortem insemination can lead to such dejected views is very complex as it tries to compare existence with something that does not exist. Nevertheless, it is still a very difficult task to raise a child without a father, which may lead to additional costs for the mother and the family which in turn may also be stigmatized (Weber, et al., 2009). Policy and regulatory frameworks for PMSR PMSR has now started to gain international recognition, with different countries starting to implement legislation in order to manage its practice and safeguard its use. Several countries have opted to completely abolish its use. In fact Sweden, Germany, Canada and some parts of Australia have legislation that prohibits the use of PMSR (Bahadur, 1996; Webb, 1996). In addition, regions in West Australia have legislation that prohibits post-mortem use of gametes (Webb, 1996). Israel allows the transfer of pre-embryos to the wife within a year from the death of the husband, even if there is no consent. However, upon death of the wife, the embryos would not be used (Benshushan Schenker, 1998). In the U.K., the Human Fertilisation and Embryology ACT of 1990 does not forbid post-mortem sperm retrieval and storage however it does need prior written consent from the male (Parliament of the United Kingdom., 2008). In France on the other hand after a particular case the Centre d’Etude et de Conservation du Sperme Humain (CECOS) has embraced a practice of not allowing postmortem retrieval, a policy which was backed by the French courts (Aziza-Shuster, 1994). Thereafter, in 1994, France passed an act that prohibits post-mortem sperm retrieval (Lansac, 1996). On the other hand other countries like Belgium and the USA permit PMSR, even in the absence of the males consent (Brahams, 1997; Brahams, 1996). Conclusions The advent of new practices to aid infertility cases, will challenge us with ever increasing ethical issues which most probably will only increase in number. This is why informed consent is a major issue that needs evaluation as it forms an essential part of many programmes. However, for consent to be impartial, all the information with regards to such practices must be given together with counselling to enable proper consent to be given. This means that ideally both male and female should give their consent in advance. Cases involving married couples that have prior consent even with first degree relatives, PMSR should be allowed, although it has to be in agreement with a special committee responsible of dealing with such cases. Cases that might deal with consanguinity or incest for example a mother to be inseminated with her son’s spermatozoa should be prohibited both for ethical and genetic reasons. Also, cases where children are already present, and are heirs, should be al so consulted and consent be obtained. Nevertheless, this review is being written in order to address a number of issues important issues that come with PMSR. Since, such practice is still in its infancy and little data is present, it is difficult to reach any definite answers or conclusions, especially since there is little legislation to produce a framework of guidelines and practices. However, this review might help in furthering the discussion especially since ethical opinions will vary depending on cultural and religious values. Also, the issue is not merely medical and relies also on moral ethical and religious values. A debate will allow for common guidelines to be achieved and with time implemented for future practice and improvement on the subject.

No Universal Definition of Human Rights Essay -- Argumentative Persuas

In the minds of many people human rights are defined as a set of governmental Do’s and Don’ts that protect people from their governments in terms of the freedom of speech, assembly, etc. without infringement. Of course, most people would agree that these are fundamental rights and deserve to be upheld, however many feel that there are a set of universal human rights that can be used to secure the freedom of all people around the world. One such document, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights written by the United Nations, claims to be the â€Å"common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations†. While I agree with most of the points made in the declaration, I simply do not believe that the human race is homogenous enough for a single piece of paper to encompass human rights issues for all cultures and types of people, and I find this very assumption to be problematic. I believe that human rights are relative to every culture and/or nation, and should be left to the people to decide. I think that on the issue of human rights, people will not go wrong if they are allowed a fair forum for voicing their opinions and an equal manner in making decisions. Cruel and unusual punishment from a Western point-of-view may be an African tribe using neck braces to elongate the necks of women, whereas others may think the same of the death penalty in use in the United States. My personal experience of moving from Iran to the United States and witnessing many different atrocities in both cultures has led me to this view. For instance, in Iran there is no freedom of speech or assembly and any resistance to the government is smashed by imprisonment or oftentimes death. This is clearly a violation of human rights by most people, and if... ...ny the ownership of private land, and many people in those countries are happy with that. Many of these people believe that private ownership is the basis for inequality in a society. They would not consider lack of private property a human rights violation. Again, the Universal Declaration is attempting to umbrella all nations and people while in reality contradicting itself. Overall, from my own experiences I have come to the personal conclusion that it is impossible to create a doctrine that addresses human rights for every culture and nation in the world. In my opinion, human rights are a set of rights determined by people of individual nations or cultures for the purpose of living best in society. These rights cannot be pre-determined nor can they be forced upon people in the form of a list, such as is attempted by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Carton?s Change Essays -- essays research papers

It is human nature to carry a beast deep down within oneself. Whether one chooses to control the beast or be controlled by it is an individual choice. He who makes a beast of himself gets rid of the pain of being a man. Most repress their inner rage, but some let it loose and lose that which makes them a human being. In the novel A tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Sydney Carton is not the man he initially appears to be. Sydney’s love for Lucie changed him greatly, and allowed him to become a better person. Sydney Carton’s final act of supreme courage in Paris is not an inspired emotional response, but a deliberate, carefully reasoned act. In the novel A Tale of Two Cities Sydney Carton drastically changes his life around and becomes a new man, which allows him to die with a clear conscience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sydney Carton is not the man he initially appears to be. Sydney is first described at Darnay’s trial as slouching and not paying attention to the proceedings of the court. He is portrayed as drunk, and even admits this to Darney at dinner. â€Å"’A last word, Mr. Darney: you think I am drunk? I think you have been drinking, Mr. Carton. Think? You know I have been drinking. Since I must say so, I know it. Then you shall likewise know why I am a disappointed drudge sir.’† (Dickens 91) Sydney feels that there is no hope for him, and that his life will never improve. Carton has much more potential, and could be so much more in life, yet he remains in the shadow of others happy to do the work of others. â€Å" Sydney had been working double tides that night, and the night before, and the night before that, and a good many nights in succession, making a grand clearance among Stryvers papers before the setting in of the long vacation. (Dickens 140) Carton has ma ny repressed feelings and memories, which he keeps hidden deep down within himself. He is a lonely man because of these repressed emotions and memories, which make Sydney turn toward drink.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more Carton attempts to confront his problems, the more he resorts to recklessness and drinking. Sydney feels that no one cares for him, so he cannot care for another. â€Å"’I care for no man on earth and no man on earth cares for me.’† (Dickens 91) Carton’s memories of growing up without care eat away at him, and turn him away from other people, into solitude. Ca... ...ried away on the tumbrils to La Guillotine, he thinks philosophically about the future and even quotes a few scriptures. Before Carton is beheaded his mind becomes clear. He looks at his life and knows he is going to a far better place. â€Å"`It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known.`† (Dickens 367) Carton’s carefully reasoned act of saving Charles Darnay was a truly heroic deed. Even though it was partly self-sacrifice, Carton still had a promise to uphold to Lucie and he wasn’t going to back out on it. Sydney Carton picks up the pieces of his broken life and becomes a new man, which allows him to die with a clear conscience at La Guillotine. Carton is not the man he is first portrayed to be. His love for Lucie allowed him to change greatly. Carton’s final act of supreme courage for Darnay and Lucie in Paris was not an inspired emotional response, but a deliberate, carefully reasoned act. Sydney Carton managed to drastically change his life. His Love for Lucie let him experience feelings that he had long suppressed. He became a compassionate individual, and died with a clear conscience.

Juan sumulong thesis

On the intent of social relationships, how can someone be significant to another person? Significance is defined as the quality of being important and having notable worth or influence, (Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 2014). It Is Interaction between different levels of power: between formal and Informal, the private and the state, the centre and locates, (Valve, 1995). How is significance related to history? These two words, though different in meaning go on along together very well for someone who is significant will be written in history.His significance might be positive or negative but he posted such a huge impact into the development of his locality, he will definitely be written. Jose Racial, Andrea Boniface, Emilio Gondola, Emilio Action, Melcher Aquinas etc. , one can easily recognize these names for they have served as the pillars of the independence we are enjoying right now. These people have touched thousands of lives and created such a huge impact not only because of the ir personalities, but on the qualities they have shown that made them a leader on their own localities.To be a man is one thing, to be a great man is another. In Antipodal City, one might have taken a bumpy ride on the Assuming Highway, taken stroll at Assuming park and seen the golden monument of a man that mistakenly dubbed as â€Å"Jose Racial† by passersby, finished basic education in Juan Assuming Elementary School and acquired secondary education in Assuming Memorial Circle. Assuming. Antipodeans seemed to be very fond of this name. If one will be asked, he would point out the golden statue at the plaza but moreover that no one can recognize this great man. Most of them seemed to take him for granted.According to Nick Joaquin, the identity of the Filipino today is of a person asking what his identity is. One may reflect the same on the situation of Antipodal City. On the advent of modernization internet, social sites, virtual world, one can possibly forget who he is and neglect the heritage of the past bestowed upon him. That was the problem the researchers felt the need to address, the researchers believe that history could be the answer. History has played a major part on the development of a nation. Great leaders are written in history not only to broadcast what he has done, but to serve as an inspiration to every person.Inspiration is what most of Filipinos needs in these days especially the youth, the hope of this land. The long quest of young Antipodeans for their identity is over, Juan Assuming y Marquee, the favorite son of Antipodal, a statesman who is always ahead of his time. 1 Objective of the Study In every study being conducted there are objectives that need to be satisfied. Researchers' main goal upon conducting the study is to commemorate such great image of a public servant in these times that our country is dwelling to problems.Bringing back the nobility and patriotism, Don Juan Assuming expressed during his time to remind the pe ople that Antipodal has produced one of the best political innovator. The researchers also believe that this could be an eye opener for all public servants on how important their role is in shaping the community and promoting common good. Of the picture, it is how Antipodeans preserve and take care of these inheritance to realize that no matter where they go, Antipodal is always their one and only home and that nothing could take that away from them. Statement of the Problem The following stated problems are what the researchers intended to seek in order to create a fully established study: 1 Who is Don Juan Assuming? 1 How is he related to Antipodal City? What are the characteristics that made him a distinguished as a local hero of Antipodeans? 1 How did he expressed his deep love for the nation? 2 What makes him noble? 3 What makes him charismatic? 3 How lasting his influences are? 1 In the family? 2 On the National Politics? 4 What were his contributions? 1 On the founding of Rac ial Province? 2 Enduring Legacy? 5 Is the local government doing efforts to commemorate his nobility? . 3 Significance of the Study Generations through generations, cultures being passed on, the faith on the Virgin of Antipodal never dies. Today, Antipodal City is known by the best thing it could offer at eight: the city lights view, but before all the fascinations the city has been offering, people sometimes forget the real people who first loved and was really devoted on making Antipodal to live in. Here are identified lists of the people who will benefit in this study: The Filipinos, who are enjoying the benefits of democracy, this study serves to remind them to exercise their rights habitually.For lots of people who sacrificed their lives to attain what they have right now, one of them is Don Juan Assuming. The National Historical Commission, being the core historical body of the nation. May this study convince them to exert extensive efforts on preserving the past. And to addre ss to them the felt need to improve the dissemination of information of history to each and every Filipino citizen. The Antipodeans, for them to realize that one of their fellow statesmen expressed his patriotism to the nation and to Racial Province. And for them to take good care of this inheritance of a perfect symbol for political values.The Local Government of Antipodal City, this study should serve as stimulation for them to formulate programs to educate the people about the significance of Don Juan Assuming and use him as inspiration to honestly serve the city of Antipodal. The to appreciate Antipodal as much as Don Assuming loved his town and the locals. The Assuming Family, who is synonymous to the culture of excellence, achievement, integrity and service; a name trusted and tested of time. This study is to thank them for opening to the researchers a large chapter in their lives, Don Juan Assuming.May this study further inspire their unending desire to help others. The Juan Assuming Elementary School, an educational institution that has been a potent instrument in having the dreams of thousands of Antipodeans, may this study serve as their inspiration to produce more competitive students for they are carrying out such name of integrity. The Assuming Memorial High School, for the educators of the institution to realize that they are agents of change and may this study guide them to follow the values Don Assuming such as vivid display of nationalism and genuine service of the nation.Don Juan Marquee Assuming, whose story is worth telling, this study is to uncover and explore more of his efforts to sincerely serve the Racial Province and the people. In this way the researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude in being one of the finest public servants who truly served the nation according to his principle and ideals, a true gem of Antipodal City. 4 Scope and Limitation This study entitled Undying Nobility: A Narrative Analysis on the Signific ance of Don Juan Assuming to Antipodeans, concerns itself about on the contributions of Don Juan Assuming to the development of Antipodal City today.This study is in a narrative style for it only tells and explains his legacy and the effect he has to Antipodeans especially the young minds. First is to know Juan Assuming better; a brief overview on who he is, second; are his characteristics that make him a significant historical figure of Antipodal City, third; is to identify the broad of his influence not only as the brains of opposition but also as a father of his clan, fourth; is to recognize all of his contributions not only in the province of Racial but also in the whole nation.This study will no longer tackle about the misconceptions of the young ones and the distinguished strategic solutions on how to properly orient the Antipodeans about him and how to strengthen the state of heritage tourism of Antipodal City. To gather reliable and concrete data the respondents were chosen carefully, first are the ones who are very close to Don Juan Summons heart, those who had never forgotten him, his family. They are the ones who will never forget what he has done and live up to his ideals and visions.Other than the family, a public servant who is inspired by his ideals and love for the city is asked to be interviewed for additional supporting details; and lastly the researchers conducted an interview with a historian who verified the data that have been collected. The setting was set to find accurate and consistent information only at Antipodal City wherein the center of study is concentrated. 2. 0 Review of Related Literature 1 Theoretical Framework leadership effectiveness.Researchers analyzed physical and psychological traits, or qualities, such as high level, appearance, aggressiveness, self-reliance, persuasiveness, and dominance on an effort to identify a set of traits that all successful leaders possessed. The researchers see the trait theory as the most eff ective theory that will guide the study. Trait theory of leadership generally considered the first modern theory of adhering became popular during the second half of the twentieth century and despite scholarly criticism has continued to be popular.The theory states that certain innate traits are common to leaders. Although the identified traits vary the most common are intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. In 1948, Ralph Melvin Stodgily said that in specific set of traits determined who would lead across the variety of different situations. As a result of his studies, he concluded that leadership was not the result of certain traits within the individual lone, but of the relationship between an individual and the social situation in which the individual found him or herself.In 1974, Stodgily conducted a second survey. His conclusion was based on a comparison of new studies with his original ones, was more balanced. His first survey implied that si tuation was the guiding factor in determining leadership; the second one concluded that both traits and situations determined leadership. James M. Souses and Barry Z. Poster made a major contribution to trait theory. In early sass's more than 1500 managers responded to their survey in which they asked, â€Å"What values do you look for in your superiors? Of the 225 values, characteristics, and attitudes compiled from the answers the top four were being honest, forward looking, inspiring, and competent. They called these being credible. It only shows that in a particular group or locality, an effective leader is needed in order for its' growth and progression. 2. 2 Literature Review An individual becomes noble when it shows great impact to its locality and is significant to its people. Nobility stood for social superiority. It is a reward for service rendered to the state.It is a quality that the sovereign power imprints upon private errors, so as to raise them and their descendants above the other citizens, (Greenfield, 1992). Nobility was associated with good character, moral worth, magnanimity, and ethical goodness. Nobles thus united to one another and easily recognize by others, (Robinson, 2001). To be noble is to have political power. It is impossible to achieve noble status without first exercising considerable power to get there, (Poster, 2004, p. 110).Significance on the other hand is defined as the quality of being important and interaction between different levels of power: between formal and informal, the riveter and the state, the centre and localities, (Vine, 1995). As a baseball legend Jackie Robinson once noted â€Å"life is not significant except for its impact on other lives†, (Maxwell, 2013). The researchers found these two words: nobility and significance are intertwined together. As the gathered various sources of data support that a person who is in a way influential and great is noble and significant.Now, how does history takes pl ace in it? History is shaped through diverse events done by man in the earlier period which have great impacts to present time. History as well plays a vital role in the identity of man. It is the building of personal and collective identity through â€Å"memory', the social, cultural, and political use and function of â€Å"narrating the past,† and the psychological structures of remembering, repressing, and recalling. Thus, a man is the product of his past. Whoever he is today is the result of the past he has. Filipinos of today are identified and linked to its olden times.It is said that great men in time were written in history. According to Great Man Theory, great man is a single, out-standing individual can emerge in a time of crisis and steer a nation to victory, (Bug, 2011). A great man shows greatness in his own way. Greatness equates to a constellation of character traits such as integrity, intelligence and self-confidence, (Bug, 2011). Many great Filipino men were penned in the past. The late Juan Assuming was one of them. He was a self-made man, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).He has done something larger than himself, and stories larger than his life that benefited the later generations. Just a Dreamer An article written on the Philippine Free Press defined Juan Assuming as a dreamer and an idealist, (Guerdon, 1938). He likes to plan quietly for an ideal state. He led a life dedicated to ideals of democracy, integrity, and selfless public service, Immense-Healer, 2001). Don Juan was considered as a successful seers and prophets, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). He was a man of foresight, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).He excelled in logical thinking and unbending attitude toward questions which in a way of thinking were crucial in the resolution of the Philippine problems, (Gecko, 1948). His Statesman's vision made him realize that while the nationalist's' platform could win the votes of the people  œ as, indeed, it was proved in the election for the Assembly in 1907 – it would nevertheless disastrous to the people if implemented. He was realistic, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975, p. 182). Warrior of Democracy Don Juan is in a way the first and the last Ant'.Due of his principles and beliefs he getting independence for the nation, (Guerdon, 1938). He was one of the eminent Filipinos who organized the first political party in the Philippines – the Federal Party, for the purpose of promoting permanent invasion of the Philippines to the United States and its eventual admission as one of the States of the American Union, Gecko, 1948). Assuming came to be known as a supporter of the party. He sincerely believed that a step by step democratic system was good for the Filipino people. That, to achieve political independence it must coincide with economic independence as well.He knew it would take some time for the economy to be viable because of the Revolution a nd Filipino-American War, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). He gave full support in the restoration of peace and order after the Filipino-American war. Yet, the Federal Party found out that there was no favorable response to their appeal from the Filipino people so they decided to dissolve it, (Gecko, 1948). The dissolution of Federal Party gave way to birth of Progression Party or the Partied National Progression, Juan Assuming as the Vice-President, which platform was not immediate independence.Its goal was to achieve Philippine independence by progressive stages. On the other hand, the Nationalists Party of Guenon adopted the â€Å"absolute, complete, and immediate Independence† as platform and battle cry (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). The Progression party was accused of not favoring independence, (Gecko, 1948). The people wanted Juan Assuming to remises immediate independence but he did not say it because he believed it would be a lie if he did. So , the victory was easily won by the Nationalists Party again, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).In 1930 to 1931, Don Juan was in the United States as a member of the Philippine Independence Mission which presented before the U. S Congress the side of the Filipinos on the several bills which were then the forerunners of what was subsequently enacted as the Philippine Independence Act, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). When the first Philippine Independence Act, known as the Hare-Hawse-Cutting Act was enacted by the U. S Congress, Don Juan made a careful study of its provisions and opposed its acceptance by Filipinos.Due of its provision that even after the Philippines was granted the Independence it deserved, the United States would continue to exercise sovereignty over U. S military bases in the nation. He expressed his opposition in an article published in La Vanguard. Other men as well opposed the Hare-Hawse-Cutting Act listed as Guenon, Gondola, Recto and more. They became known as the â€Å"Ant's†. Someone, Rosa, and others who were defending and favoring the Act were known as â€Å"Pros†, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).In the election of 1934, Don Juan ran as the candidate of â€Å"Ant's† as Senator in the fourth senatorial district. He got the sides of the people and the â€Å"Ant's† became the party in power, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). Shortly after the election the Nationalists and the Democrat merged and created President and Senator Assuming as Vice-President. But the coalition and fusion of Nationalists and Democrat did not last, he went against Guenon when it came-up to him that the fusion of two parties would kill the opposition party necessary to preservation of democracy, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).All through the times of Senator Juan Summons life he was fighting for the democracy of the nation until the time he was bed-ridden, Immense-Healer, 2001). Bef ore he got heat attack during the invasion of Japanese in the Philippines, he said that it was not right for the Filipino leaders to agree to any agreement as long as there were Filipinos fighting and dying in Bataan against Japanese occupation. He died loyal to his country, devoted to the cause of democracy, and seeking to always do what is right for his people, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).He showed his love by making a tan and fighting for his own nation and his fellow Filipino. Filipinos Filipinos means love of the country. It is an appreciation of everything that is beautiful in our land. It is a feeling of oneness and togetherness with all our people irrespective of status, religion, or social position, (S. C, 1996, p. 74). In 1896, when the Philippine revolution against the Spain erupted Juan Assuming who was in his first year at the University of Stop.Atoms stopped his studies and joined and served as secretary of the revolutionary forces of Austin Nativity in Mormon Headquarters, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975, p. 73), Immense- Healer, 2001). During the Filipino-American war, Assuming was persuaded to support the American policy of pacification due to the possibility of blood-spattered and prolonged war that might convey more sufferings to the Filipinos, Immense-Healer, 2001). Throughout the times the Philippines was given the chance by the U. S congress to draft its own constitution, Assuming rejected the Joint Resolution No. Which received tremendous criticisms from the members of Assembly that revealed not only legalistic mind concerned with proper form but as well as nationalistic bent. This exposed his unstated belief that the Filipinos desired no less than independence, Immense-Healer, 2001, p. 54). It was for the good of people that he remained in the opposition, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975, p. 182). Politician Don Juan involved himself in politics in 1901. He presents a unique profile off Filipino Politic ian, Immense-Healer, 2001, p. 170).Senator Juan Summons political success and immortality did not lie in having taken high positions in the government Assuming provided the Filipinos with a model for a new brand of politics. He believed that politics was not solely the pursuit of political power. Rather, it was a way by which the people could be informed and educated about the issues that mattered in their lives, Immense-Healer, 2001, p. 170). Serving the Filipino people and not winning was the primary goal of Juan Assuming when he ran for elections, Immense-Healer, 2001).Distinguished Men of Time Aside from Don Juan Assuming there were as well prominent Filipino men who fought and sacrificed their lives for the comfort and freedom the present generation is enjoying. Men who coincidentally, shared same principles, beliefs, love for the nation and fellowmen, and warriors of democracy, showed Filipinos, and as well Laotians. Evil B. Xavier: The Impossible Dreamer (1942-1946) â€Å"If you tilt at windmills, you either get flung to the mud or rare tossed right up to the stars† – Evolve Xavier.The â€Å"Impossible Dreamer† as known to his colleagues and friends was born October 31, 1942 in upland town of Hamlin, Antique. He studied at Atone University and became a member of LAB Party. He was a friend to Benign â€Å"Ninny' Aquinas and they shared the same political dream: for democracy to flourish once again in the Philippines. He decided to run for Constitutional Convention when he realized that he had to e part of the political system in order to effect change, although he lost, the following year he ran for governor of Antique and became one of the youngest governors in the said province.In his campaign letter, he declared that he was running because he wanted to restore to people, especially children, the ability to dream. The children of his time adored him and were attracted to his idealism and charisma. His organization was his people a nd his bailiwick was the faith he induced in them. He pushed for people- centered, resource-based development long before the political structures and attitudes became ready for it. He worked under the constraints of Martial Law as a member of the opposition.In 1980, Nora recalled that when his brother Beaver) stepped down and asked what he will do after doing so, said â€Å"l will continue to be a dreamer, I will continue to tilt against the windmill†. Xavier decided he could no longer serve under a regime whose laws and principles were in conflict with his morals. His family and lived in peace and ease. It was the assassination of his colleague, Ninny that Jolted Xavier out of Contentment and brought him back to Philippines. He said he has a role to play as a freeman not someone bound by Martial Law.Indeed in 1984, two years before his death, he ran for Antique's lone Assemblyman Seat in Batsman Bananas. On May 13, the eve of the elections, seven of Saver's campaign workers were crossing the Panning Bridge when they were ambushed from all sides by armed men. On the day of declaration of election winner, returns showed Xavier leading, until the returns from San Regimes, suspiciously wrapped in cement paper showed otherwise. Predictability, Pacification, Marco's ally, announced the winner. Xavier cried electoral fraud and filed a case but was dismissed by the Commission on Elections.So, he brought the protest to Supreme Court but again buried until 1986. There were times Xavier would lose hope, when he feared that Antique would never be free of its warlord politics and that the Philippines would always remain chaotic. But hope came when Marco's announced the holding of snap election. Carbon Aquinas declared her candidacy for president after supporters gathered one million signatures. Xavier decided to become Aquinas campaign manager in Antique. It was a decision that would cost him his life. On February 1 1, Xavier spent his morning at the Provincial Ca pitol, monitoring the invasion of election returns.When at 10:45 a. M. He was killed by six hooded men wielding 16 riffles. More than 50,000 Antiques wanted to see and mourn for him. It took 21 hours and 200 kilometers through 12 towns for his body to arrive at San Jose where he was buried on February 20. Two days after he was buried, the DEEDS People Power Revolution began, (Balloon, 2006). Lorenz M. Tanana â€Å"Aka-Tanana': Nationalist at Heart and in Deed â€Å"To him everything that was inimical to the interest of the Philippines and of the Filipino people was to be rejected. And everything that promoted the good of the neutron and people was to be embraced† – Tees Duenna Lorenz M.Tanana commonly known as â€Å"Aka-Tawny' was born on August 10, 1898 in Sumac, Tablas (now Guenon). He was an activist. His first taste of activism happened when he was in fifth grade at Donation Elementary School. He was a crusader by nature. All ideals he embraced though many and di verse came under one roof; Nationalism. It was his personal trademark, a lifelong battle he fought with his body, mind, heart, and soul. Soon he became synonymous with the concept of Nationalism. As a senator, he was not only a brilliant lawmaker but also a public servant who

Medical Advances in China Essay

The main reason why humans contract any form of illness is because these two aspects lose harmony. Looked at from the recovery function of organs, Yang functions to protect from harm from outside forces while Yin protects from the inside and provides energy for its counterpart. Another principle that the Chinese medicine culture follows is that of basic substance. â€Å"Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine believe that vital energy, energetic particles, state of blood, and body fluid are the essential substances that composed together to form the human body, and the basis for internal organs to process. 1These substances are channeled along a network within the body. On the physical aspect of this principle, the vital energy serves to promote and warm which belongs to the properties of Yang. The blood and body fluid to moisten organs possess the properties of Yin. Many of these principles are connected to heal an individual. Although these principles and theories seem almost dera nged to the Western population of the world, many doctors still use these techniques today in modern time. Many traditional Chinese medicine doctors can cure countless patients without any aid from apparatuses or medical instruments but only a physical exam. They follow four methods of diagnosis, these four methods consist of: observation, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, pulse taking and palpation. The method of observation indicates to the doctor to directly watch the outward appearance to know a patient’s condition. The exterior and interior correspond immediately, for example, when the inner organs run wrongly, it will be shown through the skin, tongue and facial sensory organs. The method of auscultation and olfaction is a way for doctors to collect data through hearing the sounds of the body and smelling the odors of the body. The method of interrogation suggests that doctors question the patient and his or her relatives to know the symptoms and evolution of the illness or disease and previous treatments. The taking of the pulse and or palpation allows for the doctor to note the pulse condition of patients on the radial artery. Doctors believe that when the organic function is normal, the pulse, frequency, and intention of pulse will be relatively stable, and when not, variant. †1 When treating a disease traditional Chinese medicine doctors combine all the collected facts from the four methods of diagnosis to analyze the source and merit of the disease. The doctors then make sure what prescription should be given. In traditional Chinese medicine science, the drugs prescribed are different from the West, because doctors have discovered the medicinal e ffects of thousands of herbs over a long period of time. Before taking the medicine, the patient would have to boil it. There were and are many different ways to fight illnesses and infections through acupuncture and massage. Today though, western medicine has been adopted, and traditional treatments are still playing an important role and have raise large quantities of attention and interest worldwide due to the amazing curative effects reported. While Chinese medicine began long ago, the acupuncture and herbology taught in China today is dramatically different from its traditional practice. The last 150 years have had a greater impact on its evolution that at any other time in its history. † 2 To understand Chinese medicine today, one must glance back to the 1800’s. China was under the rule of a corrupt and weak Qing Dynasty and foreign powers were occupying its territory and the Opium War ensured an epidemic of addiction throughout its population. The Chinese began to face the harsh reality that its culture was not as stron g or as powerful compared to the foreign countries that they considered unequal. They came to believe that China had been focused on the achievements of its past, whereas foreign powers were focusing on developing the new. They saw that China’s closed borders policy to the outside world had kept it from the inventions and discoveries of the times and believed China had to modernize in order to remain a sovereign power of influence. †2 This movement grew until finally the Imperial court was overthrown and the Republic of China was founded by Sun Zhongshan and the Nationalist Party in 1911. The desire to modernize also came with a distrust of China’s traditional knowledge. There was great backlash and outrage to the practice of traditional medicine and in 1928, the Nationalist government declared the practice of Chinese medicine illegal, believing that it was superstitious and confusing compared to the growing influence of penicillin based western medicine. Penicillin was introduced from the west and was a miracle for the Chinese. Although they were unsuccessful at completely outlawing Chinese medicine, it was forbidden in hospitals and government organized health facilities. Then, a lot changed in the country when the Japanese invaded. As Communism began to gain momentum, a civil war was unleashed on an already weak country. When the Communists came out of war victorious and founded the People’s Republic of China in 1949, traditional knowledge and teaching methods had already undergone 100 years of hardship and change. In the first years of the People’s Republic of China, the Ministry of Health simply continued the policies that existed previously towards Chinese medicine. However, as poverty and illness left from years of war became apparent, the government encouraged any type of medicine, Chinese or Western. In order to regain control, a Cultural Revolution was launched which divided doctors who believed in traditional theories with those who followed current scientific models of the West. At the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, the traditional doctors were replaced by a much younger generation of doctors who were convinced that a new biomedical research based medicine would be far better to its traditional origins. Today China is the world’s fastest growing consumer market and it has a population of over a billion people. ‘Traditional’ medicine has become a highly profitable and often fraudulent market as the Chinese seek treatments for issues such as obesity, impotence, high blood pressure, diabetes and beauty enhancement. Chinese medicine, ‘cure-all’ pills have flooded the marked and clinics while specialists are popping up everywhere. â€Å"The increase of traditional Chinese medicine institutions and professionals is unprecedented since the founding of new China. 3 The science of traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology has rapidly developed. Many achievements have been obtained in treatment of common diseases such as cardio-cerebro-vascular disease, immunogenic diseases, tumors, bone fractures and continuous progress has been in the exploration and experimentation of traditional folk therapies, preparation and dose-form medication of Chinese medical h erbs, raising the healing capacity of traditional Chinese medicine and drugs and enlarging the area of their services. Historically, Chinese Medicine was practiced largely from generation to generation within a family. The techniques and knowledge required to practice acupuncture or herbal medicine were transmitted from parent to child in the form of an apprenticeship type relationship. This knowledge was passed down from family to family to continue the practice. Because of the way knowledge transmitted the science of Chinese Medicine, different styles of its practice emerged. At the time of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, a decision was made to standardize the practice of Chinese Medicine. This was carried out by looking at the various family lineages and taking out from them what they had in common and eliminating that what the Communist government considered to be too overtly â€Å"spiritual,† and naming the ending collection of knowledge and techniques â€Å"Traditional Chinese Medicine†. â€Å"From this historical movement the â€Å"officially-approved† version of Chinese Medicine, which would be taught largely in government, sponsored schools instead of within a family-based apprentice system. † One advantage of this standardization of medicine was that it made it more clear as to what the most commonly-agreed techniques were between Western and Chinese doctors and eliminating the more odd variations that may have appeared that they did not agree upon. A disadvantage of the standardization was that it divided the medicine from its spiritual roots. â€Å"Modern practitioners wishing to bring back the spiritual roots and the knowledge and techniques associated with it, often name themselves as practitioners of Classical Chinese Medicine (the form of the medicine prior to the Cultural revolution) or Five Element Practitioners. 4 Generally speaking, a Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioner will rely mostly upon a unique diagnostic guideline while a Five Element practitioner relies upon a Five Element diagnostic framework. â€Å"A Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioner pays more attention to physical symptoms and creates treatments to eliminate the symptoms. A Five Elemen t practitioner, on the other hand, tend to be more attentive to the emotional and spiritual aspects of the imbalance they detect in the body, and aim their treatments at the root cause of disharmony. 4 There is a lot of distinct variety among different practitioners. This is what makes Chinese Medicine powerful; it is the insight that the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of an individual are always connected. In terms of the practicalities of receiving Chinese Medical training in the West today, a large majority of Chinese Medical schools and licensing exams are now based upon the traditional Chinese Medicine model. Traditional Chinese medicine today is based on standardization efforts that took place in China in the 1950’s with the creation of traditional Chinese medicine colleges. In the 1990’s, traditional Chinese medicine was changed into a semi-private industry and was promoted in global health markets. †4 Revenue from traditional Chinese m edicine hospitals in China has reached to an astonishing $25. 7 billion in 2012. Many of China’s medical companies are the forefront of global science and acupuncture has become one of the most widely spread element of traditional Chinese medicine practiced in the West, using the medical instrument of small needles placed into the skin. Acupuncture needles used to be created out of Bian stones and pottery. Eventually metal needles began to appear and these needles to eventually became the classic ‘nine needles’. These needles were each designed to carry out different functions and aid the body in different but effective forms. Presently, the needles used for acupuncture are made out of filliform while others have been replaced by more advanced surgical instruments. The ‘nine needles’ were initially made out of bronze, gold or silver. Some acupuncturists today still use gold and silver needles but the majority of acupuncturists use only steel filliform needles. In 1950 Chairman Mao officially united Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Medicine and acupuncture became established in many hospitals. â€Å"In the late 50’s and 60’s, research continued into acupuncture with further study of ancient texts, clinical effects of acupuncture on various diseases, and the development of acupuncture anesthesia. †5 From the 1970’s to the present, acupuncture continues to play an important role in China’s medical system. China has been a leader in researching all aspects of acupuncture and its clinical effects. Although acupuncture has become more modernized, it will probably never lose its connection to a philosophy that was established thousands of years ago. â€Å"Policy-makers around the world are constantly finding different ways to incorporate traditional Chinese medicine into public health systems. †6 One consequence to the many practices being spread worldwide is the impact traditional Chinese medicine has on environmental sustainability. China cannot provide all the ingredients to fulfill domestic and international demands. In Australia, manta rays are threatened because their gills are dried and boiled and used as a health remedy. The World Wildlife Foundation is currently teaming up and working with the Chinese government to promote alternative routes of treatments without the use of animal parts. Western medicine often focuses on defects, for instance, how to repair a torn ligament, reduce cholesterol or eliminate bacteria. It focuses and revolves around pathology. Chinese medicine is concerned with relieving pain and reversing the effects of disease. Chinese medicine is often complex and difficult for people to understand what it really is exactly. This is because it is based on the principle that what happens to one part of the body affects every other part of the body. In Chinese medicine, the mind and body are not viewed separately similarly as organs and structures are viewed as connected internal structures that work together to make sure the body is functioning well. Many of the ideas emphasized in traditional Chinese medicine are not even related to Western medicine. One such concept is ‘qi,† which is responsible for controlling the human mind and body. â€Å"Qi flows through the body through channels, which are called meridians. There are 20 meridians and 12 primary meridians that correspond to specific organs. †7 Imbalances in the flow of qi cause illness and the correction of the imbalance brings the body back to balance. Although acupuncture is one of the biggest treatments to treat illness, there are many other techniques such as acupressure, moxibustion, massage techniques, herbal medicine, diet and lifestyle changes, meditation and exercise. Even after reading this paragraph, one may still have trouble comprehending what it is, but there is little doubt of traditional Chinese medicine’s effectiveness. Several studies have reported that these types of treatments have had success in treating a wide range of illness and conditions such as nausea, vomiting, tennis elbow and even back pain. Many Western-trained physicians have also seen the positive effects from traditional Chinese medicine and now offer it to patients and some even include acupuncture as a treatment. Many Americans are using acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments through traditional Chinese medicine than before. Whether looked at as a complimentary treatment or primary one, traditional Chinese medicine is on the rise around the world. Despite its significantly different approaches to well being, many people use both Chinese and Western medicine at the same time. It has been proven time and time again how traditional Chinese medicine has been effective and successful in treating different ailments and illnesses. The evolution of Chinese medical techniques has surprisingly not changed drastically. Many of the treatments used for thousands of years are still used today because they proved to be beneficial for the body and reaped positive benefits for the human body functions and rid of illness. Bibliography Chinese Medicine: History, Traditional Four Methods of Diagnosis. † TravelChinaGuide. Accessed April 24, 2013. http://www. travelchinaguide. com/intro/medicine. htm. â€Å"The Evolution of Chinese Medicine. † The Evolution of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 24, 2013. http://www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/62-the-evolution-of-chinese-medicine.  "The Globalization of Chinese Medicine | Globalization101. † Globalization101. Accessed April 28, 2013. http://www. globalization101. org/the-globalization-of-chinese-medicine/. â€Å"Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/61-historical-time-line-of-chinese-medicine. â€Å"History of Acupuncture. † Academy of Classical Oriental Sciences History of Acupuncture Comments. Accessed April 28, 2013. http://www. acos. org/articles/history-of-acupuncture/. â€Å"TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Five Element Styles of Practice. † About. com Taoism. Accessed April 27, 2013. http://taoism. about. com/od/qigongchinesemedicine/a/TCM. htm. â€Å"Traditional Chinese Medicine History. Traditional Chinese Medicine History. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://www. china4u2. com/TCM_History/tcm_history. html. —â €”————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"Chinese Medicine: History, Traditional Four Methods of Diagnosis. † TravelChinaGuide. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://www. travelchinaguide. com/intro/medicine. htm. [ 2 ]. â€Å"Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. † Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/61-historical-time-line-of-chinese-medicine. [ 3 ]. Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. † Historical Time Line of Chinese Medicine. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://www. traditionalstudies. org/chinese-medicine/23-cm-about-chinese-medicine/cm-about/61-historical-time-line-of-chinese-medicine. 4 â€Å"TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Five Element Styles of Practice. † About. com Taoism. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://taoism. about. com/od/qigongchine semedicine/a/TCM. htm. [ 4 ]. â€Å"TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and Five Element Styles of Practice. † About. com Taoism. Accessed April 29, 2013. http://taoism. about. com/od/qigongchinesemedicine/a/TCM. htm. 5†³History