There is a famous statement thatthere is an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry Essay Example For Students

There is a famous statement thatthere is an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry Essay There is a famous statement thatthere is an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry. Well Plato is definitely a person who believes in it. He lived at a time where his city was in disaster after the Peloponnesian war and this helped him to contribute his ability in philosophy as well as literary theories. All his literary theories are influenced by his philosophy. Plato was very critical about the knowledge of the poets in is time. He lived in a critical time where people needed good guidance. People tend to look up to the poets because they water the desires of human feelings. This attracted people towards poets. This is a dangerous situation if the poets do not know what they should bring forward through their poetry. Plato simply thought that poets write while they are in a trance possessed by Muse the goddess of art and conveying Muse ideas through poetry. These ideas poets presented were the weak side of human nature; our emotions are watered the withered. Plato reveals two contradictory aspects of poets knowledge. We will write a custom essay on There is a famous statement thatthere is an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He says poets are responsible for what they write and also they are not responsible for what they write because they are writing poetry in a trance. Homer was one of the poets whom people would believe in any time. Homer basically created the culture of the Greeks. The heroes, the gods, the underworld and war were all Homers creations. According to Plato these are imaginations of Homer. Plato blames Homer for giving the wrong idea of gods and goddesses. According to Plato even if gods have defects they should be created as perfect idols so people would tend to imitate the right way of life. As stated by the Stafford Encyclopedia of Philosophy To interpret Homer well, we have to understand what Homer said; to do that, and to support our judgment that he spoke superlatively well, we have to understand the subject matter about which Homer speaks just as we would in, say, evaluating someones pronouncements about health. Further, Homer himself must have understood well that about which he speaks. So as interpreters we are making claims about the truth of Homers teachings about XYZ; and thus we are assuming that Homer sought to state the truth about XYZ. When Homer talks about was he doesnt give us accurate information because he never fought war and he does not know how a general would command or behave in a war because he was never a general. This is well argued by Plato in his work Ion. Plato produced three methods on evaluating poetry. The dependency of the poets is it actually their talent or divine inspiration, the role of the poet as an educator and a social reformer and contribution to literature through poetry. Plato protests about the lack of knowledge of poets of his time and about the poets them selves. He thinks that Arts are a third remove from reality- the idea of the object /the object/ the representation of the object. It is like a mirror held up to a mirror, they will only be imitations. In Pheadrus which relates a myth, humans are the most ignorant set of souls and philosophers know some kind of truth and they are near to Zeus. In Platos opinion poets are behind gymnasts and businessmen. So they are not in a reliable place to be creative. He thinks poets are writing in madness. According to him there are four types of madness or inspirations; madness of prophecy, mythical rituals, poetic madness inspired by Muses and madness of love created by Eros and Aphrodite strongest of all madness. When poets produce a work and publish it they are not near the reader and this is dangerous it would make people understand the subject matter in different ways. Plato also says that some poets try to write without the divine inspiration but they end up making them self justifying divine inspiration. .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 , .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .postImageUrl , .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 , .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:hover , .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:visited , .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:active { border:0!important; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:active , .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646 .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua69964bcf3afbd1351b674f317678646:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How do the Poets Studied use Imagery and Structure to Convey their Attitude to War? EssayPlato wants the poets to that it is easy to inspire the irrational part of human nature and poets should not water it. He also ridicules the comparative ability in poets they make an ass look like a horse. Plato gives an example for poets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if a person calls himself a doctor and gives the same pill for all illnesses he should be called a madman. Similarly if poets give their audience the wrong message they will take it as it is. Plato compares the audience to a wild beast and if poets entertain the needs of the wild beast it will get addicted to the entertainment. Such work is an inferior son born to inferior parents. Plato is against the entertainment which is directed towards emotions because by giving space emotions will let people out pour it without control and it will make things worse when worse things happen to them. Plato specifically tells not to represent women in any sort -quarrelling, lamenting, mourning, love or childbirth. Also bad men of any sort-cowards, comic abuse, foul language and madness. Plus any workmen which guardians feel ashamed to imitate. Likewise he introduces three aspects of good poetry. It should be charming, correct in technique consistency /characterization and set and example to the society. In writing poetry you should be praised by others and not praise other by you. According to Plato only poetry that should be in an ideal state is hymns to gods and poems that praise good men. Plato gives some advice on writing poetry to fellow poets. He thinks the ideal subject matter should be philosophy and the ideal technique should be the form of dialogue. A dialogue in a work will make you have an argument and not be one sided. In Laws he says poets are the wickedest class of unbelievers because they say god can be won over by gifts and sacrifices also makes gain out of the fears and terrors of mankind. He strictly thinks the poets should educate children and statesmen. Since children Previous are the future of the country and nobles are the current rulers they should know how to separate good from bad. A reason Plato gives to banish poets from an ideal state is that they have no say in political views. He also states that there should not be epic and lyrics if they provoke emotions in a negative way. Plato gives many reasons for his dislike for poetry and we have to keep in mind he had no grudge against poetry but he had issues against the power of poetry. He certainly respects Homer but is critical about the credibility of his work which has influenced many generations. Even though he thinks of banishing poets in his earlier works he brings a better idea of censoring the poems through a board of scholars before publishing. This maturity made him give advice on how to write appropriate poems which would help develop the county.

A Brave New World by Aldus Huxley misc 12 00 essays

A Brave New World by Aldus Huxley misc 12 00 essays The novel Brave New World is like no other in fantasy and satire. It predicts a future overpowered by technology where the people have no religion. Has Huxley written about a degrading way of life or has he discovered the key to a perfect world that should be called Utopia? This essay will show that upon close analysis the way of life in the novel is justifiable and all the precautions that are taken are needed to preserve their lifestyle. This essay will also show that however different and easily looked upon, as horrible as their lives seem to be, in actuality it is better than ours. The first argument that would contradict the fact that Brave New World is a Utopia is the government overpowering the world, causing the loss of freedom and liberty in the people. Before judging their lives the reader must ask himself one simple question: Is it really that bad? Obviously no it's not. In the novel, the people don't have to worry about having a job. One must remember that being born and raised in Utopia, one does not know what freedom is and therefore does not know what is missing. Freedom leads to happiness, and if one already possesses happiness, then there is no need for freedom, especially if your government is making sure that all your needs are satisfied. Religion plays an important role in people's lives. It represents our principles and values. Religion guides us, gives us something to believe in and a set of rules to live by. However, who is to say that one hundred years from now people will still believe and practice religion? Mustapha Mond when referring to the Holy Bible says that "they're old; they're about God hundreds of years ago. Not about God Now" (Huxley, p.237). Mustapha Mond is saying that with the evolution of time the need for religion has disappeared and has been replaced by the worship of another God who is Ford. They basically live a fulfilled life and then they die. Also thanks to their conditioning they ...

Treasury Yield Curve Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treasury Yield Curve - Coursework Example Inflation affects purchasing power of money and therefore has a major effect on interest rates. Therefore if inflation rate is expected to be 1% during the next year this is added to the risk free interest rate (say 3.5%) and so the Treasury bill rate will be: rT-bill = rRF = r* + IP = 3.5% + 1% = 4.5% The inflation rate is the main factor which determines the shape of the treasury yield curve. If the inflation rate is expected to increase, then the treasury yield curve will slope upwards; which is normal. On the other hand, if the inflation rate is expected to decrease, then this will cause the treasury yield curve to slope downwards. Another factor affecting the Treasury bill rate is interest rate risk. When interest rates rises the prices of treasury bonds decline sharply and since this is a regular occurrence all long term bonds including treasury bonds have an element of interest rate risk. A maturity risk premium (say 2.5%) is therefore added to the risk free rate resulting in the following formula for calculating the Treasury bill rate. rT-bill = rRF = r* + IP + MRP. = 3.5% + 1% + 2.5 = 7% This premium increases with the time to maturity. Therefore, the longer the period the higher maturity risk premium. ... This information tells me that interest rates are subject to various economic conditions that will cause it to rise or fall and that the trend does not have to be continuous as it would appear from the examples seen. This yield curve has a dip and a hump indicating that the interest rates on one year maturities are higher than interest rates on 5 year maturities. The interest rates on medium term maturities rises constantly between year 6 and year 20 and then falls resulting in interest rates on some long term maturities being much lower than the interest rates on some in the medium term. Part 2 Yield to Maturity The yield to maturity is the annualized discount rate that equates the future coupon and payments to the future coupon and principal payments to the initial proceeds received from the bond offering (Madura 2006, p157). Consider Wal-Mart bond which matures on July 2015 with coupon rate of 2.25% which is paid semi-annually. The value of a bond (Vb) is found using the following formula. Vb = 1000 = [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)1] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)2] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)3] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)4] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)5] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)6] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)7] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)8] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)9] + [$11.25/(1 + rd/2)10] + [$1,0001/(1 + rd/2)10] The PV table can be used to find the figures for each of the ten six-monthly period: where $11.25 is the half yearly coupon rate. The time to maturity is five years and so Wal-Mart 2.25% Corporate Bond Time Periods Interest Payment Maturity Payment Total cash Flow PV Factor (1.125%) PV of Cash Flow    $ $ $    $'000 0       1000 1 1000 Par Value of Bond 1 11.25    11.25 0.9889 11.1251 2 11.25    11.25 0.9779 11.0014 3 11.25    11.25 0.967 10.8788 4 11.25    11.25

Nectar Fruit Juices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nectar Fruit Juices - Essay Example During the analyses of different elements and factors, there have been several recommendations made which can be beneficial for the officials of NFJ to discuss, follow, and execute them in their December 2011 meeting. One of the main recommendations made in the light of analysis is the introduction of more flavors of nectar fruit juices that intrigue more of the children under 15 years of age, as the analysis has shown majority of the NFJ users to be under 15 years of age. The report will be consisting of 5 sections in total (including the section 1 of introduction). Second section will be presenting analyses of the data collected through the collection of answers of the questions, where the questions will be discussed and analyzed one by one. Third section will be presenting different options that may be considered by the management for key decision making purposes. The fourth section will be presenting the validity of this analysis and describing the use of this report for future r eferences. The final section will conclude the report and will provide general recommendations. 2. Results and analysis This section will present the findings and analysis based upon the answers taken from all the surveyed students. The section will analyze the questions one by one in the form of subsections, where the results will also be mentioned. 2.1. Racial or ethnic group: The students who were chosen to take part in the questionnaire were of different ethnicities as they mentioned in their survey forms. The final data collected from that scheme has been provided in the form of a pie chart below in figure 1: Figure 1: students’ ethnic groups The figure shows that more than half the students were white or European, as the survey was being filled in a European country. Therefore it was highly likely that majority of the participants will belong to the white community. The second major number participants were the Asians. This is because of the immigration of more than 100 million Asians who are residing in different countries of Europe and its normal perception of Asian people to take part in the social activities in Europe. Other people belonged to West Indian, African, or other ethnicities. 2.2. Ratio of male to female participants: As the graph in figure 2 suggests, the ratio of male to female participants who filled the surveys was nearly 55:45, which means almost an equal number of males and females invited to participate and give their views about NFJ. Figure 2: Male to female ratio of participants. 2.3. Drinks per week by the groups: The data shows different age limits and their consumption of drinks on weekly basis. The data shows the average number of drinks that are consumed by the people of different ages. Referring to the figure 3 given below, the people between 6 to 10 years of age consume the largest number of nectar fruit juices, as this suggests that the children are more intrigued by the tastes and flavors in which these juices are available in the market. Figure 3: Percentage of drinks per week groups The figure also shows that the children of 1 to 5 years of age, as well as the teenage from 11 to 20 years of age also consume NFJ more on weekly basis compared to those who are more than 21 years of age. Another important finding in this graph is that around 13% of the people have claimed to never use the nectar fruit juices. There are two points that this analysis will lead the managers to think about. First one is that

Banking Regulatory reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Banking Regulatory reforms - Essay Example A few months later, the Franklin National Bank of New York had to shut their operations due to substantial foreign exchange losses. The turmoil in the financial sector prompted the governors of the central banks of G10 countries to decide upon measures on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices. Later, this came to be known as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision with a purpose to extend cooperation among its member countries in the matters related to banking supervision. Initial objectives were to set minimum supervisory standards; exchange information on supervisory practices and improve the techniques of supervision on their banking system. The Central banks of the each member country represent their countries in the committee. It must be noted that the committee's decision has no legal bearing. The committee formulates standards and recommends them to their member countries for its implementation. The committee's sole aim is to have common standards for regulatory and adequacy measures. The 1988 accord among the member countries, with regard to the regulation and supervision of banking sector, continued until 1999 when the Committee decided to further improve the capital adequacy framework. Current Regime under Basel II The revised capital framework came into force in 2004 called Basel II. The Basel II was aimed at creating an international standard for regulators to decide upon how much capital the banks must have to safeguard themselves in the event of any financial crisis. Sufficient consistency of regulations was focused at to ensure that this does not become a reason of competitive inequality for some of them. Their advocates believed that such a regulatory framework is needed to prevent failure of banking system should such crisis emerge in the future (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2013). Basel II, in theory at least, attempted to set up capital and risk management requirements so that banking failures could be avoided. For this, Basel II created disclosure requirements so that all market participants could know about the capital adequacy of a financial institution. They also ensured that market risk, credit risk, and operational risk are articulated based on available data. Basel II focused on minimum capital requirements, market discipline and adequate supervision (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2013). Though Basel II regulatory measures were in force yet it could not prevent 2008 international financial crisis. Post 2008 crisis, the Central banks came out pointing various reasons of financial failures and about the weaknesses that existed in Basel II accord. An urgent need was felt by all concerned to address weaknesses in Basel II. That is why the Basal committee on banking supervision decided to create a new comprehensive accord that could further reform and address the issues that were instrumental in causing the 2008 financial crisis (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2013). It will be interesting to see how Islamic banks, in the context of Basel II manage the capital adequacy and risk exposures. Islamic banks do not use money markets and that is why they are susceptible to liquidity risks. Their inability to borrow for short-term fund needs make them vulnerable to market fallouts. The situation necessitates that Islamic banks must maintain higher liquidity than any conventional banks. Basel

Research Methods For Hospitality And Holiday Business Managers Tourism Essay

Research Methods For Hospitality And Holiday Business Managers Tourism Essay I am writing essay on Research methods for hospitality and tourism managers. The aim of this research is to enhance and refine a capability for critical thinking about hospitality and tourism related managerial problems. Research is depending on size of the organization. Research is the very important for any organization at is offers a measure of control and autonomy over any company. It gives opportunity to confirm clarity, pursue, or even discover new aspects of company. It is the combination of reasoning and experience and must be regarded as the most successful approach to the discovery of truth. Definition of research, It is active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, behaviours or theories, or to make practical applications with the help of such facts, laws or theories. The term research is also used to describe the collection of information about the subject. (wordiq.com). according to Oxford Concise Dictionary Research is the case study of particular topic. It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions or in other words research is an endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation (Oxford Concise Dictionary). Business research helpful to finding out who are your customer and what are the basic needs. Research is the review or synthesizes existing knowledge. Research helps to investigate existing situation and problems and provide solutions for problems. Its explore and analyse more general issues. Research methods used to collect customer satisfaction may be questionnaires, interviews or seminars. Nowadays business research is the keypad of any development plan for and any organisation. It is a increasingly popular way for companies to train and educate their managers and other employees in a vast array of different fields. Research is the imperative for the company to know what type of products and services would be profitable to introduce in the market. Also with respects to its existing products in the market, good market research enables a company to know if it has been able to satisfy customer needs and whether any changes need to be made in packaging delivery or product itself. This enables a company to formulate a viable marketing plan or measure the success of its existing plan. (morebusiness.com) Types of research:- The word research is used to describe a number of similar and often overlapping activities involving a search for information in other word research is process of collecting data, information and fact for the advancement of knowledge. (Webs.uidaho.edu). There are mainly two types of research and secondary research Primary research: It is the process of the collection of data that does not already exist. This is done with the various forms like questionnaires, direct observation and telephone interviews etc. There are two basic approaches to data collections using primary methods. Qualitative research : Qualitative research is seeks out the why, not the how of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information things like interview, transcripts, emails, notes, feedback, photos ,Forms and videos. Qualitative research is used to gain inside into peoples attitudes, behaviours, value system, caserns, motivations aspirations, culture or lifestyle. Its used to inform business decisions, policy information, communication and research. Focus groups in depth interviews, contained analysis ethnography, evaluation and semiotics are among the many formal approaches that are used but qualitative research involves the analysis of any unstructured material including customer feedback forms, reports and media clips. (qsrinternational.com) The methods of collecting qualitative data are Individual interview Focus group Observation Advantages of qualitative research Qualitative research produces more in depth, comprehensive information Uses subjective information and participant observation to describe the context or natural settings of the variables under consideration as well as the interaction of the different variables in the context. Its seeks the wide understanding of the entire situation. Disadvantages of Qualitative research The very subjective of the enquiry leads to difficulties in establishing the reliability and validity of the approaches and information. It is very difficult to prevent a detect researcher induced bias. Its scope is limited due to the in depth, comprehensive data gathering approaches required. (okstate.edu) Quantitative research: According to the Aliaga and Gunderson (2002), quantities research is explain phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). This methods investigates why and how of decision making not only where, what, when. Quantities research has an ability to provide complex textual descriptions of how people experience given a research issue Advantages of Quantitative research: In Quantitative research its seeks to explore phenomena, it is design in an excellent way of finalising results and poring and disproving hypothesis, a structure has not change for centuries. After statistical analysis of the results comprehensive answer is reach and result can be legitimately discussed and published. It is a useful for tasting gain by the series of a Quantitative experiment, leading to a final answer and narrowing down of possible directions for follow up research to take. Disadvantages Quantitative experiments can be difficult and expensive and require a lot of tie to perform. Quantitative studies usually require extensive statistical analysis, which can be difficult. Limited outcomes to only those outlined in the original research proposal due to closed type question and the structured format (experiment-resources.com). Hospitality industry is evergreen industry in the world and its growing rapidly. In recent years because of globalization in this industry there are lots of challenges and competition. To survive in this competition this industry adopts some research, like market research. Market research is the systematic, objective collection and analysis of data about target market, competition and environment with the goal being increased understanding of them. Through the market research process manager can take data a variety of related and non- related facts. And create useful information to guide the managers decision. Marketing research is not an activity conducted only once, it is a ongoing study. The information gain through marketing research is information that can guide managers in most important strategic business decision. Some benefits of market research are. Market research guide to communication with current and potential customer. Its helps to identify opportunities in the market place. Market research minimizes the risk of doing business. If uncovers and identifies potential problems. It creates benchmarks and helps to track progress and its also helps to evacuate success. (sallbusinessnotes.com) Business research:- business research programme are an increasingly popular way for companies to train and educate their managers and staff. Business research education can pertain to economics, business strategy and ethics in facts, anything related to modern business and trade. In short business research provides the needed information that guides managers to make informed decisions to successfully deal with problems. Benefits of business research are, Business research provides well educated and informed staff means that operations will run very smoothly. With this research senior managers will be able to drive a workforce on using effective motivational techniques With the help of business research it is possible to find the edge over the global competition. (content4reprint.com) Research helps to stay in competitive and build customer loyalty. Research also boost the sales and increase business profitability. It enhances the brand and gain a reputation as an innovative business. Business research help to find out the opportunities and threats. History:- Marriott has founded by J.Willard Marriott 1927, when he and his wife opened a root beer stand in Washington D.C. the Marriott quickly noticed that soft drinks sold in large amount during Washingtons long hot summer but that business needed a boost during the cooler months. They added the first Mexican food in that area, were added to their counter menu. The Marriott called their restaurant the hot Shoppe. In 1928 the Marriott opened their third restaurant, which offered curb side service. Hot Shoppe remains popular in the Washington area through the great depression. In 1937 Marriott branched out from the restaurant business for the first time, pioneering in-flight catering with boxed launch for eastern, American and capital airlines flights from Washingtons old Hoover airport. In 1940 Marriott opened five new restaurants. In 1964 Marriott handed the presidency to his son, Mr. Bill Marriott. Hot Shoppe Inc. over the next few years, the company continued to open hotels and restaurant s. Today Marriott international is leading company with more than 3000 lodging properties in the United States and 67 other countries and territories. (fundinguniverse.com) Marriott International continuously increasing their business and opening new hotels, inns, restaurants and resorts to attract customers by using new ideas and new strategies. Like recently Marriott International opened their new Ihilani resort spa on the island of Oahu, which offering service and treatments that are uniquely part of the Hawaiian tradition and lifestyle. Ihilani spa is very famous and received numerous awards. (Marriott.co.uk). Marriott according to the place, religion and wishes they making their business for building their brand it is essential to consideration of operating environment. Alternative pricing method, introducing new strategies, environmental analysis is the most essential factor to build up company brand. Marriott International is mainly focused on employees because they said, with employment rates holding at records high levels, recruiting and retaining employee is the greatest challenge facing hospitality industry today. Mr Marriott said the companys human capital strategy focused on five principles to generate even greater value for employees and the company (hotelonline.com). The mission of this strategy is to keep employee on the job, employees satisfaction is main purpose of this strategy. Because of employees satisfaction customer gets good experience and customers feel like home. This strategy has ability to convert the economy from raw materials and machines to minds and attitude. Like when the employee is satisfied on his job and making family environment which helps to give good service and customer satisfaction. Research for marketing and sales plan in Marriott international Marriott international is the one of the top lodging industry in world. The company have some 3400 operated and franchised properties in more than 65 countries. Vision of the Marriott Company is to be the worlds lodging leader. It is grounded in his intense focus. On taking care of the guests, extensive operational knowledge, and development of the highly skilled and diverse workforce. I am going to do research on marketing and sales plan in Marriott International based on following questions. Describes the products or services of Marriott will provide? What are the core products or services? What are specialities of Marriott? Marriott international has more than 3000 operated or franchised lodging properties in more than 3400 lodging properties in 60 countries and territories. Marriott international operates and franchises hotels under the Marriott, JW Marriott, The Ritz-Carlton, The Autograph Collection, Renaissance, Residence Inn, Courtyards, Tower Place suites, Fairfield suits, Fairfields Inn, Spring Hill suites and Bulgari Brand names; develops and operates vacation ownership resorts under the Marriott vacation club, The Ritz-Carlton destination club and grand residences by Marriotts brands, licenses and manages whole ownership residential brands, including the Ritz Carlton Residences, JW Marriott residences and Marriott residences, operates Marriott Executive apartments, provides furnished corporate housing through its Marriott Execute division and operates conference centre. (news.marriott.com)

Thomas W. Lippmans Understanding Islam Essays -- Thomas Lippman Islam

Thomas W. Lippman's Understanding Islam Thomas W. Lippman gives an introduction to the Muslim world in the book Understanding Islam. He has traveled throughout the Islamic world as Washington Post bureau chief for the Middle East, and as a correspondent in Indochina. This gave him, in his own words, "sharp insight into the complexities of that turbulent region." However, the purpose of the book is not to produce a critical or controversial interpretation of Islamic scripture. It is instead to give the American layman an broad understanding of a religion that is highly misunderstood by many Americans. In this way he dispels many myths about "Muslim militants," and the otherwise untrue perception of Islamic violence. In this way the American reader will become more knowledgeable about an otherwise unfamiliar topic. However, the most significant element of Lippman’s book is that it presents Islam in a simple way that makes the reader feels his awareness rise after each chapter. This encourages him to continue learn ing about the world’s youngest major religion. Understanding Islam dispels many misconceptions about the Muslim world, and presents the subject in a way that urges his reader to further his understanding of Islam through continued study. The book lays the foundation of Islamic basic beliefs and practices. Muslims believe in one God, and feel their religion continues the Judaic and Christian traditions. Arab peoples "trace their origins to the patriarch Abraham, who, according to the Koran was neither Jew nor Christian, but a kind of universal ancestor of monotheists" (5). Thus, Muslims believe in the same God as Jews and Christians. The Islamic translation for God is Allah. Many Americans think of Alla... ... Understanding Islam gives a broad outline which could help to erase American misconceptions about this religion, and could be helpful in easing global racial tensions. The book is not top of the line scholarship about Islam; it is for the uninformed or otherwise unaware beginner. After reading this book the reader has a basic understanding of Islam, devoid of many American or western misconceptions. However, Lippman explains that the holy book is not spelled "Koran," but rather "Qur-an," though he uses the first spelling throughout the book (56). The real version is written in arabic, but I would have rather him used the more authentic spelling. In this way I see that this book was beneficial, but not the final word. It is a good book because it lays a positive foundation for Americans, and hopes to inspire them to continue their study of a fascinating religion. Thomas W. Lippman's Understanding Islam Essays -- Thomas Lippman Islam Thomas W. Lippman's Understanding Islam Thomas W. Lippman gives an introduction to the Muslim world in the book Understanding Islam. He has traveled throughout the Islamic world as Washington Post bureau chief for the Middle East, and as a correspondent in Indochina. This gave him, in his own words, "sharp insight into the complexities of that turbulent region." However, the purpose of the book is not to produce a critical or controversial interpretation of Islamic scripture. It is instead to give the American layman an broad understanding of a religion that is highly misunderstood by many Americans. In this way he dispels many myths about "Muslim militants," and the otherwise untrue perception of Islamic violence. In this way the American reader will become more knowledgeable about an otherwise unfamiliar topic. However, the most significant element of Lippman’s book is that it presents Islam in a simple way that makes the reader feels his awareness rise after each chapter. This encourages him to continue learn ing about the world’s youngest major religion. Understanding Islam dispels many misconceptions about the Muslim world, and presents the subject in a way that urges his reader to further his understanding of Islam through continued study. The book lays the foundation of Islamic basic beliefs and practices. Muslims believe in one God, and feel their religion continues the Judaic and Christian traditions. Arab peoples "trace their origins to the patriarch Abraham, who, according to the Koran was neither Jew nor Christian, but a kind of universal ancestor of monotheists" (5). Thus, Muslims believe in the same God as Jews and Christians. The Islamic translation for God is Allah. Many Americans think of Alla... ... Understanding Islam gives a broad outline which could help to erase American misconceptions about this religion, and could be helpful in easing global racial tensions. The book is not top of the line scholarship about Islam; it is for the uninformed or otherwise unaware beginner. After reading this book the reader has a basic understanding of Islam, devoid of many American or western misconceptions. However, Lippman explains that the holy book is not spelled "Koran," but rather "Qur-an," though he uses the first spelling throughout the book (56). The real version is written in arabic, but I would have rather him used the more authentic spelling. In this way I see that this book was beneficial, but not the final word. It is a good book because it lays a positive foundation for Americans, and hopes to inspire them to continue their study of a fascinating religion.

Aramco Supply Chain Managment

Table of Contents Page Number Introduction3 Background of the Company8 The Dilemma in Saudi Aramco Supply Chain Management10 Analysis of the operation of the Company’s Supply Chain Management12 Conclusion16 References17 Introduction: Several company managers are continuously searching for the best possible way of reducing cost and utilizing their inventories so that the company can implement cost reduction strategy. With all prices of prime commodities are accelerating for increases to maintain the business, the challenge for manufacturing companies nowadays is to come up with a management strategy that could lessen the burden of imposing additional prices to the consumer’s purchases. Yet seemingly, it seems impossible to achieve due to the domino effect in the market offering. Starting from the raw materials to the manufacturing plant then to the manufacturing plant to its distribution centers and from the distribution centers to the consumers, the process entails expenditures either from the supplier or from the manufacturing plant. Once transporting raw materials is affected by the movement in the prices of gasoline and oil, salary increases of its work force and additional price for the vehicle’s spare parts suppliers cannot but face the reality that they must charge additional cost to their buyers. So goes the trend. The usual thinking about a supply chain is a vertical flow of the entire materials for production that is fully integrated because it is owned by a single firm although its channels are operating independently. Hence, an efficient coordination among the managers of its channels is demanded for the success of the supply chain. However, a supply chain need not only be limited to a single ownership of the entire process. By its definition, according to the paper of B. B. Arntzen, G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, and L. Trafton (1993) a supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution alternatives that begins from the procurement of materials, converting the materials into mid-way and finished products, then the distribution of the products to customers. Supply chain is not limited to manufacturing alone but also in the service industry. There may also be expected difficulties along the entire chain due to the varying approaches from industry to industry or from firm to firm but the process proceeds as planned. Company A Company B DistributorCustomers Raw Materials manufacturing plant Finished Product Company This may sound simple but a realistic supply chain actually embraces several finished products with shared components, facilities, and capacities. Materials flow does not come only from one single network but from other networks also. At times, different modes of transportation are considered and usually the bills of materials for the finished products are both costly and enormous. R. H. Ballou, (1992) believes that traditional supply chain still operate along this pattern but on this case the supply chain deviates from the old practice of supply chain and paved the way to another model of creating an effective cost reduction strategy. In the supply chain, according to M. C. Cooper and L. M. Ellram (1993) the main focus lies on the mistake of materials, unnecessary information and unpredictable finances as they move from their supplier, to the respective manufacturer then to the wholesaler passed on the retailer before finally reaching the consumer. However, another view was presented by J. B. Houlihan (1985) because his notion of supply chain is involved in coordinating and integrating these flows for inside the company and its relation with other companies. The ultimate goal of all effective supply chain management is to reduce inventory but available when needed hence, minimize the cost of production. The product flow consists of the progress of goods from supplier to customer. Information flow is the transmittal of orders and keeping posted the status of the delivery. The financial flow covers the credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment title of ownership arrangement. As Cohen, et al. (1989) noted supply chain also consists of strategic decisions and operational decision levels. Strategic decisions usually entail longer time to observe its effect on the company. It requires close monitoring of the corporate strategy, but oftentimes, in many companies, it is already the firm’s business strategy. Setting aside, operational level decisions are shorter period and concentrates mainly on the day to day basis of inventory, production, and packaging. The main objective on this level is maintaining an effective and efficient product flow from the strategically planned supply chain. Houlihan (1985) reiterates that supply chain management operates according to four major decision areas namely; business location, production input and output, materials inventory, and distribution including transportation and channels. It should be noted that on these decision areas the elements of strategic planning and operational procedures are inclusive. It is because strategic decisions include what products to produce, and which plants to produce them in, allocation of suppliers to plants, plants to Distribution Channels, and Distribution Channels to customer markets Business location refers to the place where production facilities, warehouse, and source point are easily accessible both by the suppliers and other stakeholders of the company. Location facilities cover an assurance of resources for a longer period due to the long term plan of the business. Considered also for an effective supply chain location are the size, number, and the possible paths by which the product flows through to the customers. This decision is important because it represents the main strategy for accessing customer markets which definitely have effect on revenue, cost, and level of service. It is determined by employing a routine check on production costs, taxes, duties and duty drawback, tariff, local content, distribution costs, production limitation and many others. Production decision is also a critical concern in supply chain management because it entails the capacity of the manufacturing facilities to handle the production process. It is focused on detailed production scheduling. It includes the construction of the master production plan, time table on the machines, and maintenance of equipments. The elements of workload balancing and quality control that are being measured on this facility are seriously considered. Materials inventory are managed properly in the supply chain management levels of decision. Inventories could either be raw materials, semi-finished or already finished merchandize. These materials may also be in the process between locations or in other place as in the case of outsourcing activity. The purpose of managing the inventories is to safeguard against any uncertainties that might exists in the supply chain. Holding inventories can cost as much as one half of the product’s value. Too much inventories of raw materials means slow return of investment and large inventories of finished products can cause lower prices due to overflowing supplies. The aspect of transportation viewed according to the context of H. L. Lee and C. Billington (1992) is also another element in the supply chain management issues because it is closely associated with the inventory due to its mode of moving the raw materials or the finished products. The best mode of trading off the cost is to transport with the indirect cost of inventory associated with the type of transportation. While using air is fast, reliable, and warrant lesser safety stock, it is very expensive. Shipping by sea or by train may be cheaper but they take longer time and consumed large amount of inventories to buffer against the uncertainties associated with it. Hence, shipment sizes, routing, and scheduling of equipments are the main factors operating in the Supply Chain Management. Another point was raised by J. M. Masters, (1993) as he discussed on the process of supply chain management and the level of decisions that have to be made on these models are enormous and require considerable amount of data. Due to the huge data requirement and the broad scope of decisions, each supply chain decision models provide approximate solutions. The operational decisions, meanwhile, address the day to day operation of the supply chain. Therefore the models that describe them are often very specific in nature. Due to their narrow perspective, these models often consider great detail and provide very good, if not optimal, solutions to the operational decisions. As a solution for successful supply chain management, Saudi Aramco employed a sophisticated software systems, with Web interfaces and has already been in competition with the Web-based Service Application Providers or the SAP, that provide part or all of the SCM service for the company. Saudi Aramco must have been blest to be able to implement supply chain management on its production process and updated it with the use of modern day Information Technology. In spite of the global financial problem that oil producing countries are suffering at present, Saudi Aramco still stands tall amidst financial chaos. Supply chain management is at its best at Saudi Aramco that is why there is less worry even if the prices of oil and crude went down in the global landscape. At Saudi Aramco, the corporate policies guide the supply chain to a particular and specific objective that the firm hopes to achieve (http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa/html/). 11. Background of the Company State-owned Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) is the king of oil. It is the world's number one oil producer, supplying more than 10% of the world's oil demand. The company controls proved oil reserves of about 259. 8 billion barrels. It extracts 9. 1 million barrels a day, operates refineries, markets oil internationally, and distributes it domestically. Saudi Aramco owns a fleet of oil tankers and invests in refineries and distribution networks in other countries; it also owns 239. 5 trillion cu. ft. of natural gas reserves. The company dates back to 1933, when Saudi Arabia agreed to open up a large area for exploration by Standard Oil of California now known as Chevron. From its headquarters in Dhahran on the eastern shores of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Aramco manages virtually all of Saudi Arabia's enormous hydrocarbon enterprise. From the giant Ghawar and Safaniya oil fields, the world's largest onshore and offshore fields, to the leading-edge technology at the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center, and from one of the largest and most modern fleets of supertankers to refining and marketing joint ventures around the globe, Saudi Aramco is positioned to continue to play its leading role in meeting the world's demand for oil. Saudi Aramco revenue is estimated between 150 billion and 350 billion dollars. It varies greatly year to year due to high dependency upon hydrocarbon prices. Saudi Aramco is responsible for 99 percent of the Kingdom's proven crude oil reserves of 259 billion barrels (41. 2 1010m? ) about a quarter of the world's total. That is more than double the total of Iraq, the country with the world's second largest reserves, and nearly 12 times the reserves of the United States. Saudi Aramco produces and exports more crude oil than any other company. Recent production has averaged some 8 million barrels (1,300,000 m? ) per day. That is more than twice the output of the next highest producer and nearly five times greater than the largest U. S. oil company. Saudi Aramco maintains a maximum sustained crude production capacity of 8. 5 million barrels per day. Saudi Aramco ranks among the top ten companies in gas production worldwide. The company is also a leader in both the production and export of natural gas liquids (NGL), and a major producer of refined products. The company produces natural gas in association with crude oil and non associated gas from deep, independent gas fields. This gas is used as fuel and feedstock for the Kingdom's backbone industries and utilities, and for export and domestic consumption as NGL. A vigorous program is currently under way to expand gas production and processing capabilities to meet increasing demand for gas at home to power the Kingdom's robust domestic economic growth. Saudi Aramco's oil operations encompass the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including territorial waters in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Totaling more than 1. 5 million square kilometers, this area is larger than the combined areas of Texas, California, Oklahoma and Utah, or of France, Spain and Germany. Most production comes from fields in the coastal plains of the Eastern Province in an area extending 300 kilometers north and south of Dhahran. Saudi Aramco VP announced Aramco's plans to build projects worth about 487. 5 billion Saudi Riyals (US $130 billion) in the next 5 years. Due to the unprecedented global demand for oil, Aramco announced that the number of its oil rigs will double by the end of 2006 (http://www. saudiaramco. om) Governed with its vision and holistic mission, the company is striving to make perfect its management concept and practices in order to build solid human resource foundation and company culture that would serve its competitive against other banking institutions in the entire Kingdom within the next couple of years (http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa/html/). 111. The Dilemma in Saudi Aramc o Supply Chain Management Saudi Aramco is the world leader in the oil industry and it possesses the huge deposit of oil and mineral resources. It built strong and reliable ties with its market all over the world while continuously harnessing its rogressive communication with its entire supplier from manpower, facilities, equipments, construction, development projects, and community services. At present Saudi Aramco remains stable and assured of the relentless efforts of its entire people in making the company a world leader in the oil industry and a good example to follow. The entire materials and needed machineries for the oil drilling, processing, plant treatment, transportation and distribution of petroleum are provided by the supply chain from all private industrial suppliers around the Kingdom belonging to the Saudi nationals. No imported materials are used aside from those that are not available in the kingdom. The ongoing calls for localization of Aramco’s production materials are contained in the company’s oath to support local industries and private industrial businesses in the Kingdom. One particular project that the company listed on an indefinite postponement is the envisioned 40 hectares plant facilities and accommodations at Rastanura. In the middle of 2008, Saudi Aramco invited bidders and quotations from several constructing firm around the Kingdom and to some well known companies the Gulf. Toward the end of year, the project was awarded to Foster Wheeler Group of Companies Middle East. The said project was divided into four phases and phase one would start by March 2009. However, Foster Wheeler received a notice from the company on mid February 2009 stating that the Rastanura project would be postponed indefinitely. Foster Wheeler through its resources found out that the main reason for the postponement is the company supplier and sub contractors were heavily affected by the global financial crisis (Thajudeen, 2009). Saudi Aramco suppliers of equipments and high quality standard materials could not meet the requirements needed by the company for the construction of its project. The cost of delivering the materials to Saudi Arabia from the place of origin almost tripled. The high price of raw materials plus low supply prompted Aramco suppliers to increase its prices too but since everything was stipulated in the contract, Saudi Aramco would not accept the new price schedule. The problem begins. Due to the company’s adherence to the Saudization program an option to change suppliers and seek foreign assistance cannot be implemented. France and Great Britain are rich suppliers of equipments needed to continue the construction of drilling plants and community accommodations of its people. The prospect of getting from these countries will destroy the supply chain which Aramco have been protecting and preserving all those years. Japan’s Sumimoto Industry’s offered Saudi Aramco well defined and structured supply chain that could even generate a healthy foreign relation between the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the people of Japan. The offer was shelved temporarily and for further consideration and study. While the present economic crisis continuously spreading in some major industries in the Kingdom, Saudi Aramco remains financially firm and liquid. There is no question whether the company can provide the necessary funds for the completion of the project. There is also no doubt in the capacity of Foster Wheeler to deliver the project on time. It is only a matter of the availability of supplies that Saudi Aramco encountered some critical problems. 1V. Analysis of the operation of the Company’s Supply Chain Management For the past several years, Saudi Aramco perfectly managed its supply chain and it can be proven by the smooth development and completion of all existing projects the company have ever made. The fact is that starting 2008 up to the present the global financial crunch created havocs and collapsed of several industries in the world. Included in this chaotic situation are some suppliers of Saudi Aramco. The law of supply and demands in Economics is pretty much at work at this time. There seems to be a blank solution to this perennial problem at present. If this is the case, the postponement of Saudi Aramco project in Rastanura would be justified. On the second thought, there could be another better solution that could be worked on without jeopardizing the effort exerted by Foster Wheeler to win the project. An excerpt from the speech of Abdallah S. Jum'ah, President and CEO of Saudi Aramco (2002), he said â€Å"The greatest share of our investments as oil and gas producers goes to assuring that we maintain the ability to supply our products without interruption. While such costs are burdensome, they nevertheless are critical to the sustainability of energy supply. No one can long afford to be without this lifeline. † This was also reiterated in the speech delivered by Ali I. Al-Naimi (2002), Saudi Arabia's Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, in Washington D. C. as he claimed â€Å"we have invested billions of dollars to build production capacity and to construct diverse export routes. The importance of the excess production capacity of Saudi Arabia has been demonstrated in more than one supply crisis in the past two decades such as the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979, the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the supply infrastructure crisis of 2000†. Granted that the chain of supply has a domino effect and a disruption in one unit of the chain may result to the interruption of operation of the entire system, Saudi Aramco with its huge resources could help solve the problem in terms of loan assistance to the ailing unit of the chain. Saudi Aramco management could serve as mediator between suppliers of materials to the members of its supply chain to retain its old price schedule which would be compensated by Saudi Aramco in terms of supply of oil with no extra charges and at its lowest price. The problem is rooted in the availability of funds and not on mismanagement of the supply chain. The remedy to this kind of situation is by capital assistance. Another possible option to maintain the flow of the supply chain is by acquisition of the units in the chain that is experiencing a hard blow from the economic crisis. Aramco could temporarily take over the financing of its production so that the unit may continue to operate and the employee would not lose their jobs. Unemployment would create additional burden to the ongoing financial crisis. Saudi Aramco has the capacity to generate production of its supply chain unless it is willing to suspend indefinitely its project with Foster Wheeler. The movement of Saudi Aramco supply is vital to its operation in distribution and expansion in order to accommodate the growing demand for oil in the world. Saudi Aramco is also part of another supply chain and the disruption on its supply would create stoppage of production to it end user. In the same manner, the stoppage of supply from the company supply chain might also result to a decease or worst, stoppage of the company production in the long run. For as long there is still the chance to save the continuous decline of financially able company in the supply chain of Saudi Aramco, it is the best opportunity for Aramco to show its goodwill to all its allies and to the world in general. The management team of Saudi Aramco is determined to continue to play its role in meeting the world's demand for oil exploration & producing, refining, distribution, shipping, marketing as the leading producer of the energy that powers the world's economies and empowers its people, committed to fulfill the kingdom development goals including developing the Kingdom’s industrial base and diversifying economy, helping creates jobs for Saudi nationals and maximizing the value of the Kingdom’s natural resources. Much more so, the Company cannot afford to create possible problems in its supply chain. Saudi Aramco is a government owned company and it does not depend on any political pressures or compromises from any person in the country except to the King due to the monarchial form of government that Saudi Arabia has. The company structure of Aramco is bureaucratic and hierarchical that is why there is absence of threat coming from the labor sector or any human rights advocates in the international scene. Saudi Arabia law is based on Shari’ a law and its legal implications. In this case, the Company has the power to take control temporarily of its suppliers who are experiencing financial downturn. At Saudi Aramco, there is no other power aside from the monarch and the top management level of the company. Stakeholders are not a major threat nor can they pose any threat at all. Aramco’s investment is more of partnership with other big oil producing countries and not on the individual share of investments. What can be considered to have power over the company is the presence of foreign partners as distributors and international oil producing companies that accepted Aramco’s partnership strategy in producing enough supply of world’s fuel and oil needs. Saudi Aramco also uses Management Information and Decision Support System that delivers information to support many of its day-to-day management’s decision-making needs and supply chain operation processes. Reports, display, and responses produced by such systems provide wide range of information that the Aramco management has specified in advance to meet adequately their information needs. Such predefined information satisfies the need for awareness and updated situation of the organization in relation to its supply chain performance, financial situation and production apabilities (http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa). Saudi Aramco MIDSS provides the needed information to the Aramco’s decision makers at the operational and tactical level of the organization. Based on the data generated from the program Saudi Aramco management can determine how and when to entertain an increase of oil production, price, cost of operation, wages and purchasing ability of the company. The in formation takes the form of periodic, exception, and demand reports and immediate responses to inquiry. Saudi Aramco’s web browsers, application programs, and data-base-management-software provide access to information in the intranet and other operational database of the organization. These databases are maintained by transaction processing system. The data about the business environment are gathered from the Internet or intranet when necessary and when greatly demanded. (http://www. aramco. com) Based on this technological competencies, the company is able to secure all the necessary information its suppliers might be needed at the moment so as to continue their production. V. Conclusion The plight of Saudi Aramco supply chain management definitely lies on the hand of the company. We have learned from Saudi Aramco that the company’s supply chain has been operating perfectly without interruption. The company was able to manage its supplier’s time scheduling, processing, manufacturing, delivering, and stocking. There were minor problems along the way especially in transporting the supplies needed by the company but the problem was resolved immediately before it can cause damage to the company’s oil production. By becoming the world leader in the oil industry the company’s long term plan must not sacrificed due to financial difficulties of its suppliers. Small problem that is left unattended became big and too difficult to solve in the near future. The same occurrence is happening to the supply chain process of the Saudi Aramco high quality materials and equipments for its development and expansionary project at Rastanura. The delay in the start of the project would lead to the extension of its completion, late performance, and finally slow production which would be advantageous to competitors. Supply chain management assures the end ompany an uninterrupted production and a continuous flow of resources from the suppliers’ supplier to the manufacturer to the consumer then back to the supplier’s supplier. The cycle goes on and on for as long as the chain remains consistent and stable. Saudi Aramco with vast resources and technological capabilities can easily detect any di sruptive factor along its supply chain. Now is the time for Saudi Aramco to divert momentarily a portion of its focus to the financial status of its suppliers. V1. References: Al-Naimi, A. I. (2002) Saudi Arabia's Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Washington, D. C. April 22. http://www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Al-Naimi, A. I. (2002) Saudi Arabia's Approach to Oil Market Stability and Energy Security, Expanding Energy Frontiers – The Institute of Energy Economics of Japan, Osaka, Japan http://www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Arntzen, B. C. , G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, and L. Trafton (1995) Global Supply Chain Management at Digital Equipment Corporation, Interfaces, Journal of Operation Management, No. 231, p. 112 Ballou, R. H. (1992) Business Logistics Management, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 1 – 23 Cohen, M. A. and H. L. Lee (1989) Resource Deployment Analysis of Global Manufactu ring and Distribution Networks, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management, No. 7, pp. 81-84 Cooper, M. C. , and L. M. Ellram (1993) Characteristics of Supply Chain Management and the Implications for Purchasing and Logistics Strategy. The International Journal of Logistics Management, No. 23 pp. 4, 2, 13-24. Jum'ah, A. S. (2002) President and CEO Saudi Aramco, Calgary, Canada, June 11. http://www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Lee, H. L. , and C. Billington (1992) Supply Chain Management: Pitfalls and Opportunities, Sloan Management Review, No. 33, Spring, pp. 65-73. Lee, H. L. , and C. Billington (1993) Material Management in Decentralized Supply Chains, Operations Research, No. 41 pp. 35-47 Masters, J. M. (1993) Determination of Near-Optimal Stock Levels for Multi-Echelon Distribution Inventories, Journal of Business Logistics, No. 14, pp. 165-195. Thajudeen, S. M. (2009) Foster Wheeler Group of Companies Middle East Region, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, February 15. http://www. saudiaramco. com. sa/homepage/projects (access June 5, 2009)

Assessment of LW7082 Corporations and International Business Law Essay

Assessment of LW7082 Corporations and International Business Law Essay Free Online Research Papers Assessment of LW7082 Corporations and International Business Law Essay Discuss the development of the EC programme for the harmonization of Company Law. Explain why that programme was seen as important to the economic development of the European Community and outline the various successes and obstacles encountered by that programme. INTRODUCTION The European Community is also a community of laws. The aim of the harmonisation of laws in the European Community is not focused on the creation of one single European Law in contrast to the Member States. Instead, it focuses on the harmonisation of the national legal system only to the extent which is required for the functioning of the common market. The harmonisation of Company Law was regarded as an essential part of this process. As a result, Company Law is one of the most harmonized legal areas in the European Community. This essay will be mainly divided into three Chapters: First, a brief introduction about the development of EC programme for the harmonization of Company Law. Second, analysis and consideration will be given to explain why this harmonization programme was seen as important to the economic development of the European Community. Finally, discussion will focus on the successes the Company Law harmonization programme has achieved and the obstacles it encountered. CHAPTER 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EC COMPANY LAW HARMONISATION PROGRAMME The development of the harmonization programme of Company Law in EC can be regarded as the issuing of a series of directives and their applications within EC member states. By harmonizing the company law, the subject was, as Scmitthoff defined as â€Å"salami tactics†, divided into numerous fields, each being regulated by a separate directive. But before we look into those directives, which form the development of EC Company Law harmonization, the legitimate basis of these directives deserves a mention first. 1.1 The legal Foundation of EC Company Law Harmonization The legitimacy of the company law of Europe must be found in the authorizing treaty provisions. The Treaty basis for the company law harmonization programme is particularly Article 44(2) (g) (formerly 54(3) (g)) and, more generally, Articles 94, 95, 293 and 308 (formerly 100, 102, 220 and 235) of the Treaty of Rome. However, the Article 44(2) (g) is of significant importance and plays the primary roles among others, since the majority of the legal bases on Company Law area has been based on that Article. Article 44 (2) (g) set in Chapter 2, â€Å"Right of establishment†, in TITLE III, â€Å"Free movement of persons, services and capital†, provides: â€Å"2. The Council and the Commission shall carry out the duties devolving upon them under the preceding provisions, in particular: †¦ by coordinating to the necessary extent the safeguards which, for the protection of the interests of members and other, are required by Member States of companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 48 with a view to making such safeguards equivalent throughout the Community; † Article 94, set in the chapter on the approximation of laws, require the Council, acting unanimously, to issue directives â€Å"for the approximation of such laws, regulations or administrative provisions of the Member States as directly affect the establishment or functioning of the common market.† 1.2 The Directives of Harmonization Programme of EC Company Law According to Article 44, the Council shall act in the fields which that Article covers by way of directives. But in the first stage of EC Company Law Harmonization Programme, it is as always, when the harmonization of laws is attempted, progress was very slow and involved great effort. The first Commission Proposal for a Publicity Directive dates from the beginning of 1964, and the issuing of this First Directive in 1968 marked the beginning of the EC harmonization in Company Law. The first directive sought to harmonize publicity requirements applying to companies, the circumstances in which company transactions will be valid and the rules relating of the nullity of companies. Eight years later, the 2nd Directive followed dealing with the formation of public limited liability companies and the maintenance and alteration of their capital. In tenor and approach it differs from the First Directive: many of the provisions lay down detailed procedural requirements rather than simply directing the Member States to legislate to a certain end. Thus it has been criticized by some commentators for that reason. However the Second Directive is undeniably of major importance, constituting a significant step towards company law harmonization in the European Community. Following the Second Directives, it did not take too long for the Third and Fourth Directives to be issued. The Third company law Directive can be regarded as having presented a new framework for exercising cross-border collaborative economic activities. It provided for co-ordination of procedures applying to internal mergers within a Member States. The Fourth Directive dealt with disclosure of financial information and the contents of a company’s annual accounts. It complements the First Directive and is supplemented by the Seventh Directive which deals with group accounts. After that, it took another six years until the Sixth, Seven and Eighth Directives came into force. The Sixth Directive 1982 (on division of public companies) deals with the division of an existing public company into entities. The allocation of assets and liabilities among the various beneficiary companies require specific provisions to protect creditors. Member countries are not obliged to introduce this form of reconstruction but, if it is used, the process must be in conformity with the Directive. The Seventh Directive specifies how and in what circumstances consolidated accounts are to be prepared and published by companies with subsidiaries. The Eighth Directive deals with the qualifications and independence of auditors of both public and private companies. It places an obligation on Member States to ensure that auditors are independent and properly carry out their task of auditing company accounts. From the long-lasting intervals of issuing these Company Law Directives mentioned above, we can see that the process of the first stage of EC company law Harmonization programme was slow. In the beginning of the harmonization process only six Member States with six legal systems and traditions had to be considered. The legal system of these Member States based mainly on common continental European legal principles. Later, with the expansion of the European Community, the legal systems of new Member States had to be considered. Hence, the process of harmonization became more difficult. However, until 1984 still five more directives followed. In 1985 the Commission made a new start, and company law developments were given renewed momentum. In a way, this is rather surprising, for â€Å"the White Book decided upon a new approach to harmonization, i.e. abandoning the idea of uniformity and attributing equal value and mutual recognition to national legal provisions instead.† Ha ving written â€Å"less harmonization† upon its banner, the Commission paradoxically achieved more progress with general, and particularly company law harmonization than anyone had previously considered possible. So, after 1984 the harmonization process came to a turning point. As a result the Eleventh Directive and the twelfth Directive were passed in 1989. The Eleventh Directive mainly deals with disclosure requirements in respect of branches opened in a Member State by certain types of companies governed by the law of another state. The Twelfth Directive allows the operation of one-member private companies. Although both directives had considerable implication on German Corporate Law they were of a less general and fundamental approach than the First Directives. So far, there are five more directives that have not yet been passed by the European legislators. The Draft Fifth Directive dealing with corporate structure and worker participation has been the subject of much controversy. One of the most difficult topics in the Fifth Directive is the latter one, â€Å"employee participation in corporate decision-making†. The Draft Ninth Directive deals with certain aspects of groups of companies and the relationship between the participating corporations. The Proposed Tenth Directive concerns cross-border mergers and is progressing no further because fears have been expressed that a cross-border merger could be a way of escaping from worker participation provisions. The Proposed Thirteenth Directive deals with takeovers and is influenced by the City of London takeover code. Finally, the Proposed Fourteenth Directive deals with the Relocation of Registered Office. Besides these Directives known under their numbers, there are some other directives which played a very important role in the EC Company Law Harmonization. For example, The Major Shareholdings Directive focuses on the disclosure of interests in shares. The Insider Dealing Directive, which was implemented in the United Kingdom by Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993, with its concise provisions to deal with share market abuse in general and to improve enforcement, virtually placed the investors on an equal footing. Also, a Directive was proposed in 2001 to deal with share market abuse in general and to improve enforcement. From analyzing those directives in EC Company Law Harmonization Programme, it is obvious that a lot of achievements have been made, such as nullity, minimum capital, disclosure and publicity requirements, mergers of public companies and accounts. However, it is still too early to regard that this programme as successful. Some controversial areas such as management structure, employee participation, groups and international mergers?are still pending. They are what EC and Member States should work on in the future of harmonization programme. 1.3 The suitability of directives as the instrument of harmonization By virtue of Article 54 of the Treaty, the Council, in order to attain the effectiveness of the freedom of establishment, â€Å"shall act by means of directives†. The use of the directive as an instrument has both advantages and disadvantages. Traditionally, the general view is that the advantages predominated. These advantages are flexibility and greater freedom of movement for member states, which makes it easier to introduce Community rules into their national laws. This flexible character of directive has many advantages: in a multicultural, multilingual economic area, agreements on common principles of Company Law can be reached without having to agree about the precise wording in the actually applicable provision. It allows bridging the considerable differences in the legislative traditions of the Member States, and also allows each state to use its own wording and language, as the directive only binds as to its result, not as to its forms and methods. For these and ot her reasons, there is a greater readiness to agree upon directives. As Hopt wrote: â€Å"the use of directives does, of course, not preclude the possibility of very detailed regulation, nor does it mean that national legislators may not be well advised in particular cases to follow the text of the directives more or less verbatim. The directive may also go into so much detail that member states have little practical alternative to taking over the directive verbatim.† On the other hand, the Directives still bear some disadvantages as well. The problem arises especially when we look into those particular areas which require comprehensive regulations. Although the directives leaves a degree of discretion to Member States for its transformation, many of them lay down merely the minimum standards to achieve the result specified in those directives. Some of them, such as the Fourth, Seventh and Twelfth Directives, are in the form of a framework for the regulation of a particular matter, as Member States may well introduce additional provisions to create differences between national laws. This fact will inevitably raise the problem of â€Å"blocking effect† from Company Law directives. That is, on the one hand, those directives must be detailed in order to cover multiple aspects of particular matters. However, the detailed provisions may lead to a â€Å"block effect†. Additionally, despite the detail in the directives there still exist s ignificant differences between company regimes in Member States. 1.4 Adoption of Regulations in EC Company Law Harmonization Programme The common market implies the creation of Europe-wide companies, which must be able to act throughout the Community in the same way as in their own country. It thus requires making available new forms of association and co-operation. Therefore, the process of harmonization has always been accompanied by â€Å"a process aiming at the creation of supranational regulations†. The use of regulation for harmonization has considerable advantages. Firstly, unlike the directive, it does not need, any further implementation at national level, thus avoiding long process of adoption of the Community provision by Member States. Secondly, being directly and equally applicable all over the Community, the regulation serves to ensure the same features all over Europe. Also, some disputes about the interpretation of the regulation ultimately have to be submitted to the European court, leading to a more uniform interpretation. In 1985, with the Regulation on the European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) a new model for a supranational corporation was introduced. In order to accelerate the introduction of the EEIG the European legislator focused only on the provisions with European background and therefore the national Corporate Laws of the Member States still apply. It is argued that Due to the application of national law besides the provisions of the regulation, the EEIG could not provide the sufficient flexibility and legal certainty that was expected by introducing supranational corporations. At the conference of Nice in December 2000, the Member States finally agreed on the introduction of the European Company or Societas Europaea (the â€Å"SE†). The Regulation on the Statue for a European Company has been adopted by the Council on 8 October 2001. Its virtue is to provide companies that want to act or establish themselves in another Member State with the option of being subject to one set of legislation. Besides these two most important regulations mentioned hereinabove, other Regulations, such as Insolvency Proceedings Regulation and International Accounting Standards Regulation, also make considerable contribution to the EC Company Law Harmonization Programme. CHAPTER 2. The reasons why EC Company Law Harmonization Programme was seen as important to the economic development of European Community Article 2 of the Treaty indicates that its footstone and aim are the establishment of a common market. For that purpose, the activities of the Community are to include the abolition as between Member States, of obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital and the approximation of the laws of Member States to the extent required for the functioning of the common market. The divergences in national laws among Member States will cause a lot of problems and can frustrate the functioning of the internal market. The primary reason is that competition can be distorted. The establishment of companies or other enterprise entities will bring in a lot of relevant attractive economic effectiveness, such as tax revenues, expansion of employment, market development and innovation, shareholder and investor interest, etc. If national company laws governing importance areas of creditor and shareholder protection and company management are fundamentally different, this may be expected to create a European â€Å"Delaware effect†, encouraging the establishment of new companies in those Member States with the most attractive and laxest laws and policy. It will then run contrarily to the economic efficiency, since corporate decisions of cross-border establishment and activities should be solely taken on the economic grounds without being significantly influenced by the relative burden of domestic regulation. Different laws will definitely impose administrative and legal burdens on companies with subsidiaries in several Member States. Once companies are free to move their seat or registered office to another Member State, it should be ensured that members and creditors are not prejudiced by the relocation. With the Harmonization of Company Law in European Community, equivalent creditor and shareholder protection should encourage cross-border credit, corporation and investment, thus the economic development of European Community as a whole can be expeditious and rational. What should be mentioned here is that, regulations play an indirect but important part in the economic development of European Community. For example, The Regulation on the European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) has created a new type of co-operation, which enables companies in one Member State to co-operate in a joint venture with companies or legal persons in other Member States. Moreover, European Company Statue Regulation (the SE) is of central importance. It enables companies to act throughout the Community in the same way as in their own country. The regulation, in a sense, can insure that all the Member Countries in EC would have available the same basic structure for a company’s establishment and business, no specific States would prevail over others. In this way, the EC Member States can pursue their economic development in a fair and healthy environment. It can be seen as one of the major successes of that more than 30 years old programme. CHAPTER 3. The Successes and Obstacles of EC Company Law Harmonization Programme As mentioned hereinabove, the aim and virtue of the EC Company Law Harmonization, which are reflected in the provisions of the Treaty, is the establishment of a common market. It can be said that the Programme, from its beginning, focused on â€Å"the prevention of the so-called Delaware-effect in the European Community†. The successes of this Programme are obvious and impressive. 3.1 Adoption and Implementation of EC Directives within national legislation. Most of the directives are agreed and adopted among the Member States, which can be seen as the symbol of the significant realization of EC Company Harmonization. The directives in respect of nullity, minimum capital, disclosure and publicity requirements, mergers of public companies and accounts, have been adopted. Most of them have been implemented within the level of national legislation in either some or all EC Member States. 3.2 The breach of legislative barrier among Member States. As mentioned in CHAPTER 2 of this essay, the process of EC Company Law Harmonization is also a process to break down the legislative barrier among the Member States. The harmonisation programme will directly facilitate the free movement of goods, persons services and capital, which will ultimately benefit the creation of a common market. 3.3 The Achievements of Right of Establishment. Because of the absence of an overriding European regulation and the great importance of this issue for the freedom of establishment of firms in the EU, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has been confronted with this issue at several occasions. In its first decision (Daily-Mail) of 1989, the ECJ held that the right of establishment does not include the right of a company incorporated under the legislation of a Member State to transfer its central management and control to another Member State. Later, with the judgments of the ECJ in Centros and ÃÅ"berseering cases, the circumstances of an legislative competition have fundamentally changed. Due to the Courts displayed, wider understanding of the right of establishment, companies can now move their central management and control from one Member State without the need for further proceedings. In effect, the ECJ has given the right of establishment a â€Å"radically new, wider interpretation†. A company can now be found in a M ember State without having later any further relations to it, which has been a central obstacle to legislative competition in the past. However, the Harmonization Programme which lasting over the past 30 years has inevitably arise some question and controversies. They laid the stumbling block for further progress of this programme. Certain criticism of the company law harmonization programme has been mentioned above CHAPTER 1.3, in respect of the suitability of directives as the instrument of harmonization. Apart from that controversy, this programme also encountered some other obstacles. 3.4 Inefficiency of Directive Implementation The necessity to implement a directive in order to make it more effective in national law sometimes causes problems of inefficiency. Although the European Court of Justice has recognized the direct effect of directives against Member States, this implementation duty is still a weakness, since directives â€Å"have no horizontal direct effect, i.e. in relations between individuals.† Moreover, since directives are directly addressed to Member States but not to companies directly, directives do not provide directly enforceable rights to the companies, to investors or other stakeholders. 3.5 Comprehension and Communication of legal Concepts. A particular problem in seeking to harmonize the Company laws among Member States with disparate legal traditions is the difficulty in dovetailing legal concepts. A directive may focus on an area in which specific concepts are familiar to one State’s understanding of the law but alien and hard for another legal culture to comprehend. For example, the concept of the company organ introduced into Community company law, which was borrowed from German Law, is familiar to the states whose legislation is originated from the Napoleonic code but uneasy for the United Kingdom to analyze the company transactions within the framework of agency. Also, similar problems arise from the use of terms which may not be sufficiently proximate in the different language versions of a directive and in the Member States’ implementation. 3.6 The restrictions of fields harmonized in Directives Criticisms have been directed at the Commission’s priorities for the subject of adopted directives or the undertakings which are subject to them. For example, the pattern of incorporation as public and private companies in the different Member States is significantly different. The Second Directive, which is restricted to public companies, can obviously distort the harmonizing effect of measures applying only to one category of companies. The United Kingdom and Germany, for example, have relatively small numbers of public compared to private companies. 3.7 The problem of compromises in the EC legislative processes In the beginning of the harmonization process only six Member States with six legal systems and traditions had to be considered. The legal system of these Member States based in part on common continental European legal principles. Due to the growth in number of Member States, compromises have always been difficult to reach. Hence, the process of harmonization faced with stagnation. At the conference of Nice, the Member States tried to handle this problem by simplifying the legislative process. But these amendments and institutional reforms will most likely not be able to solve this stagnation problem. While the future of the following directives and other legislative acts are uncertain, the existing Directives and Regulations about corporate law will- taken by themselves be hard to change. CONCLUSION Having evaluating the EC programme for the harmonization of Company Law, it can be concluded that the overall progress is impressive. However, it is yet too early to say that this programme is an absolute success. The Commission acknowledges that there is much work remaining to be done regarding the legal framework for company law. There still exist the problems such as the complete freedom of establishment of companies â€Å"in a strict sense† , sufficient protection of creditors and shareholders. Moreover, the rules relating to takeovers and the board are important elements of company law, and harmonisation cannot be brought much further before the conflicts in these areas are resolved. What has been achieved so far for this Harmonization Programme will become the history for tomorrow, what should be done now and in future is more important and crucial for legislators to consider, on both European Community and national legal system levels. Taking for reference the past achievement and obstacles, we are awaiting the further progress and achievements of EC Company Harmonization Programme. BIBLIOGRAPHY Christopher Bovis, Business Law in the European Union, London: Sweet Maxwell, 1997 Cagdas Evrim Ergun, The European Community’s Company Law Harmonisation Programme: Successes and Failures C. M. Schmitthoff, â€Å"The Future of the European Company Law Scene† in The Harmonisation of European Company Law, London 1973 C. M. Schmitthoff, â€Å"The Success of the Harmonisation of European Company Law†, (1976) 1 E.L.Rev. 100 â€Å"Consolidated Version of The Treaty Establishing The European Community†? (Available at http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/dat/EC_consol.pdf) Daniel C. Esty/Damien Geradin (Eds.), Regulatory Competition and Economic Integration. Comparative Perspectives (Oxford University Press: Oxford/New York 2001) Dr. Rob Wilmott, CBE, Co-chairman of European Silicon Structures, speaking at an EEIG conference, Brussels, April 18, 1989 E. Wymeersch, Company Law in Europe and European Company Law, Financial Law Institute, Working Paper Series, April 2001 KLAUS J. HOPT, Company Law in the European Union: Harmonization or Subsidiarity. Roma 1998 (available at http://w3.uniroma1.it/idc/centro/publications/31hopt.pdf) J. Wouters, European Company Law: Quo vadis?, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 37, 2000 Janet M. Dine, The Community Law Harmonisation Programme, European Law Review 1989 R. R. Drury, A Review of the European Community’s Company Law Harmonisation Programme, (1992), Bracton Law Journal, reprinted in Hicks Goo Casebook Sebastian Mock?Harmonisation, Regulation and Legislative Competition in European Corporate Law, German Law Journal Vol.3 No.12-01 December 2002. (Available at germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=216) Vanessa Edwards, EC Company Law (Oxford University Press: Oxford/New York 1999) Research Papers on Assessment of LW7082 Corporations and International Business Law EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Influences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Using Teams at the Engineered Materials Business Unit Essay Essays

Using Teams at the Engineered Materials Business Unit Essay Essays Using Teams at the Engineered Materials Business Unit Essay Essay Using Teams at the Engineered Materials Business Unit Essay Essay Amalgamate Products is a multibillion-dollar company headquartered in Atlanta. Georgia. which specializes in a big choice of merchandises and services. It is a planetary company with many locations around the universe. The company consists of a really little staff. and its organisational construction is really decentralised. with each concern unit held accountable for its ain P A ; L. In the early 1980’s the corporation began its scheme of geting several new companies. In 1999. Consolidated Products purchased a concern unit. Engineered Materials. from Andreas Manufacturing. Engineered Materials was the smallest of the five companies that were portion of the Consolidated Products acquisitions during the last two decennaries. Amalgamate Products recognized the differences in the company and its new acquisition from the beginning and understood that challenges would ensue in the integrating procedure. Engineered Materials brought along its civilization from Andreas Manufacturing. which was an old school manner of thought and rigorous hierarchal organisational construction. Over the past few old ages. it has focused its attempts on seeking to alter and incorporate the civilization of Engineered Materials in order to suit into the entrepreneurial manner of the overall company. Unfortunately. its attempts were non successful. In 2003. the company’s gross revenues consequences had decreased by eight per centum. while many of its rivals had gained over five per centum. Effective leading and cross-functional squads are ever of import factors within a company to derive success. An effectual leader is critical when it comes to running a company. It is highly of import for an effectual squad leader to possess great communicating accomplishments to be able to pull off several employees or squad members. Besides. a team leader must demo assurance when taking determination and giving out orders to his or her employees. Others look up to person that is confident and that provides the motive to act upon each and everyone one of its staff members to endeavor for success. At the same clip. a team leader should ever be respectful to others and ever cognize when to take the incrimination when something goes incorrect. Even though there is a strong relationship between leading and cross-functional squad leaders. leading it is non the lone of import feature in a cross-functional squad. A cross-functional squad leader must be able to put ends and aims for squad members to carry through. Since employees from different sections of a company are acquiring together to work as a group. it is highly of import for a squad leader to construct upper direction sponsorship and support. to be able to supply all the resources necessary for the squad. Besides. by adding positive squad kineticss with clear and broad communicating. a cross-functional squad leader can be able to accomplish the team’s ends. All these features of leading and cross-functional squad leaders will assist work out the issues in Amalgamate Products. Issues such as employees non being committed to their assignment. or non understanding squad ends. will no longer be a battle within the organisation. Therefore. Amalgamate Products can go even more successful and go on to turn as a company. In any cross-functional squad it is of import to be able to hold the right resources available at all times in orde r to be successful. doing certain that everything is in topographic point before a squad starts working together. Therefore. sing resources and logistics plays an of import function when it comes to a cross-functional squad. Some of the inquiries that cross-functional squad leaders should reply before piecing a group together are: Do you need dedicated squad infinite? Does the squad necessitate a budget? Does the squad member have entree to all the information from the different sections involved? Is a shared country needed for hive awaying information? These are some of the of import issues that can impact the effectivity of a team’s public presentation. By doing certain that upper direction is back uping and patronizing the team’s activities. a cross-functional squad leader would be able to supply the resources necessary to be able to public presentation successfully as a squad. When a company purchases a new division. it is of import that they provide change direction in order to do the passage go swimmingly. In this instance. the new Engineered Materials division is holding som e issues with the new squad based direction manner. One manner to assist passage this division is to supply preparation to the employees. First. you would desire to interview the employees and roll up informations on precisely why they are holding jobs within their squads. We would so desire to take analyze the information and understand which ailments can be fixed by direction. and which ailments are due to the deficiency of preparation in the squads. We would so take all of the factors that can be influenced by preparation and interrupt them up into classs. When analysing the instance. we decided that there are many countries that should be explained better and need extra preparation in order to hold an influence on the squad members. The first measure in the preparation procedure that we decided on would be implementing a wages system that would incentivize the members so that they will non hold the feeling that it is non in their occupation description. They should informed that the squad procedure is portion of their occupation a nd that they will each be held accountable for public presentation. Management besides should put up squad edifice exercisings for each squad. The squads do non cognize each other really good and hence they do non hold assurance in the other members. If the squads were to be involved in exercisings that help to construct relationships among them. so the members would work better together. The squads should be advised on what the ends are for them. Then the direction should include the benefits to accomplishing these ends. The squad members will respond otherwise if they are introduced to benefits that are individualized and non merely company benefits. There should be a scheduled clip for the squads to run into. and the squad public presentation should be evaluated. Management should hold a meeting that every squad member is required to go to. During this meeting. they should discourse the benefits to holding a squad based direction system. Management should besides portion positive experiences that other companies have had that would assist act upon the importance of the construct. During this meeting. companywide ends should be discussed. All employees are funny about what they are working towards in every section. It helps to supply an overview of the vision and what they are endeavoring towards. Whenever squads meet their ends. they should be announced throughout the whole company. Each member of the squad should be given acknowledgment. Last. the direction needs to be cognizant of what the squads need to be successful and should supply them back up to promote them to work difficult towards the ends. Our confer withing squad has decided that if the Consolidated direction follows our suggestions and gathers a farther apprehension of what it takes to construct and keep the squads. they should hold a successful execution of the squads. As we have stated. the company needs to work on doing the members understand the importance of the squad determinations. and they should besides supply them extended preparation. The squad leaders should be provided specific developing on how to take a group successfully. The squad leader must hold full committedness towards the squad. and must work with the members to come up with the best thoughts. Developing a squad typically goes through four phases. The squad goes through organizing. ramping. norming. and executing. The Engineered Materials division is presently in the storming phase. Once equal preparation and apprehension is provided. the company will travel onto the following phase. Transfering a concern from a hierarchal direction manner to a squad based manner is non easy. and takes clip. Plants Citedâ€Å"Setting up a Cross-Functional Team. † – Team Management Skills from MindTools. com. N. p. . n. d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Managing Cross-Functional Teams. † – Team Management Training from MindTools. com. N. p. . n. d. Web. 02 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Bruce Tuckman: Forming Ramping Norming Performing Team Development. † Businessballs. com. N. p. . n. d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. .